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《Effective Java(第2版 英文版)》介绍了在Java编程中的78条非常具有实用价值的经验规则,这些经验规则涵盖了大部分开发人员每天所面临的问题的解决方案。通过对Java平台设计专家所使用的技术的全面描述,揭示了应该做什么,不应该做什么,以及怎样才能编写出清晰、健壮和高效的代码。《Effective Java(第2版)英文版》中的每条规则都以简短、独立的小文章形式出现,并通过示例代码进一步进行说明。本书内容全面,结构清晰,讲解详细,可作为技术人员的参考用书。
目录
推荐序
前言
1 Introduction
2 Creating and Destroying Objects
Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors
Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters
Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type
Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor
Item 5: Avoid creating unnecessary objects
Item 6: Eliminate obsolete object references
Item 7: Avoid finalizers
3 Methods Common to All Objects
Item 8: Obey the general contract when overriding equals
Item 9: Always override hashCode when you override equals
Item 10: Always override toString
Item 11: Override clone judiciously
Item 12: Consider implementing Comparable
4 Classes and Interfaces
Item 13: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members
Item 14: In public classes, use accessor methods, not public fields
Item 15: Minimize mutability
Item 16: Favor composition over inheritance
Item 17: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it
Item 18: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes
Item 19: Use interfaces only to define types
Item 20: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes
Item 21: Use function objects to represent strategies
Item 22: Favor static member classes over nonstatic
5 Generics
Item 23: Don’t use raw types in new code
Item 24: Eliminate unchecked warnings
Item 25: Prefer lists to arrays
Item 26: Favor generic types
Item 27: Favor generic methods
Item 28: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility
Item 29: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers
6 Enums and Annotations
Item 30: Use enums instead of int constants
Item 31: Use instance fields instead of ordinals
Item 32: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields
Item 33: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing
Item 34: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces
Item 35: Prefer annotations to naming patterns
Item 36: Consistently use the Override annotation
Item 37: Use marker interfaces to define types
7 Methods
Item 38: Check parameters for validity
Item 39: Make defensive copies when needed
Item 40: Design method signatures carefully
Item 41: Use overloading judiciously
Item 42: Use varargs judiciously
Item 43: Return empty arrays or collections, not nulls
Item 44: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements
8 General Programming
Item 45: Minimize the scope of local variables
Item 46: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops
Item 47: Know and use the libraries
Item 48: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required
Item 49: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives
Item 50: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate
Item 51: Beware the performance of string concatenation
Item 52: Refer to objects by their interfaces
Item 53: Prefer interfaces to reflection
Item 54: Use native methods judiciously
Item 55: Optimize judiciously
Item 56: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions
9 Exceptions
Item 57: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions
Item 58: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors
Item 59: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions
Item 60: Favor the use of standard exceptions
Item 61: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction
Item 62: Document all exceptions thrown by each method
Item 63: Include failure-capture information in detail messages
Item 64: Strive for failure atomicity
Item 65: Don’t ignore exceptions
10 Concurrency
Item 66: Synchronize access to shared mutable data
Item 67: Avoid excessive synchronization
Item 68: Prefer executors and tasks to threads
Item 69: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify
Item 70: Document thread safety
Item 71: Use lazy initialization judiciously
Item 72: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler
Item 73: Avoid thread groups
11 Serialization
Item 74: Implement Serializable judiciously
Item 75: Consider using a custom serialized form
Item 76: Write readObject methods defensively
Item 77: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResolve
Item 78: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances
Appendix: Items Corresponding to First Edition
References
Index
前言/序言
推荐序
如果有同事对你说,“Spouse of me this night today manufactures the unusual meal in a home. You will join?”这时候你脑子里可能会浮现出三件事情:同事在邀请你参加他的家庭晚宴,英语肯定不是你这位同事的母语,更多的则是满脑子的疑惑。
如果你曾经学习过第二种语言,并且尝试过在课堂之外使用这种语言,你就该知道有三件事情是必须掌握的:这门语言的结构如何(语法)、如何命名你想谈论的事物(词汇),以及如何以惯用和高效的方式来表达日常的事物(用法)。在课堂上大多只涉及到前面两点,当你使出浑身解数想让对方明白你的意思时,常常会发现当地人对你的表述忍俊不禁。
程序设计语言也是如此。你需要理解语言的核心:它是面向算法的,还是面向函数的,或者是面向对象的?你需要知道词汇表:标准类库提供了哪些数据结构、操作和功能设施(Facility)?你还需要熟悉如何用习惯和高效的方式来构建代码。也许是因为前面两点比较容易编写,所以关于程序设计语言的书籍通常只涉及这两点,或者只是蜻蜓点水般地介绍一下用法。语法和词汇是语言本身固有的特性,但是用法则反映了使用这门语言的群体特征。
例如,Java程序设计语言是一门支持单继承的面向对象程序设计语言,在每个方法的内部,它都支持命令式的(面向语句的,Statement-Oriented)编码风格。Java类库提供了对图形显示、网络、分布式计算和安全性的支持。但是,如何把这门语言以最佳的方式运用到实践中呢?
还有一点,程序与口头的句子以及大多数书籍和杂志都不同,它会随着时间的推移而发生变化。仅仅编写出能够有效地工作并且能够被别人理解的代码往往是不够的,我们还必须把代码组织成易于修改的形式。针对某个任务可能会有10种不同的编码方法,而在这10种编码方法中,有7种编码方法是笨拙的、低效的或者是难以理解的。而在剩下的3种编码方法中,哪一种会是最接近该任务的下一年度发行版本的代码呢?
目前有大量的书籍可以供你学习Java程序设计语言的语法,包括The Java Programming Language [Arnold05](作者Arnold、Gosling和Holmes),以及The Java Language Specification [JLS](作者Gosling、Joy和Bracha)。同样地,与Java程序设计语言相关的类库和API的书籍也有很多。
本书解决了你的第三种需求,即如何以惯用和高效的方式来表达日常的事物(用法)。多年来,作者Joshua Bloch在Sun Microsystems公司一直从事Java语言的扩展、实现和使用的工作;他还大量地阅读了其他人的代码,包括我的代码。他在本书中提出了许多很好的建议,他系统地把这些建议组织起来,旨在告诉读者如何更好地构造代码以便它们能工作得更好,也便于其他人能够理解这些代码,而且将来对代码进行修改和改善时也不至于那么头疼。甚至,你的程序也会因此而变得更加令人愉悦、更加优美和雅致。
Guy L. Steele Jr
Burlington, Massachusetts
2001年4月
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