编辑推荐
·从 “何为公正”的关怀出发,关注当代复杂问题:同性婚姻、爱国主义、人权等,提供清晰的思考维度。
·书中蕴涵亚里士多德、康德、密尔、洛克等哲人的思想精华,被消化成适合入门者吸收的营养。
·促使读者对自己的固定思维进行深入反思,在内心的解放之路上,向前迈进。
内容简介
Considering the role of justice in our society and our lives, Michael Sandel reveals how an understanding of philosophy can help to make sense of politics, religion, morality - and our own convictions. Breaking down hotly contested issues, from abortion, euthanasia and same-sex marriage, to patriotism, dissent and affirmative action, Sandel shows how the biggest questions in our civic life can be broken down and illuminated through reasoned debate. Justice promises to take readers - of all ages and political persuasions - on an exhilarating journey to confront today's political and moral controversies in a fresh and enlightening way.
安乐死是否应该得到法律许可?一条命是否不如十条命贵重?代孕合同是否合法?
在这个日益物质化的年代,我们的行为选择总在人性和物质之间摇摆不定。我们的社会正陷入尴尬的两难选择当中。我们甚至怀疑法律是否公正,因为法律无法回避个人的道德判断,无法做到中立。
这让习惯了传统道德观念和固定思维的我们感到不安,但这种不安,却能让我们理性精神保持清醒的状态,促使我们去寻找有关“公正”的“出路”。 “世界最受欢迎的老师之一”的迈克尔·桑德尔教授将带领我们在寻找公正的旅途中,领略思辨的价值和魅力。
作者简介
Michael Sandel is the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Government at the University of Harvard. Sandel's legendary 'Justice' course is one of the most popular and influential at Harvard. In 2007, Harvard made Sandel's course available to alumni around the world through webstreaming and podcasting. Over 5,000 participants signed up, and Harvard Clubs from Mexico to Australia organized local discussion groups in connection with the course. In May 2007, Sandel delivered a series of lectures at major universities in China and he has been a visiting professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Council on Foreign Relations. Sandel is the author of many books and has previously written for the Atlantic Monthly, the New Republic and the New York Times. He was the 2009 BBC Reith Lecturer.
迈克尔·桑德尔(Michael J. Sandel)(1953-) ,政治哲学家,哈佛大学教授。他因在《自由主义与正义的局限》(Liberalism and the Limits of Justice,1982)一书中对罗尔斯的正义论(Theory of Justice,1971)所进行的批判而著称,由此产生并流传 “社群主义”一语。桑德尔著述颇丰,包括:《民主的不满》(Democracy's Discontent)和《公共哲学》(Public Philosophy)。
精彩书评
One of the world's most interesting political philosophers Guardian Justice is a lucid and compelling analysis of our current moral dilemmas, which argues for a new commitment to citizenship and the common good Shirley Williams In the beautifully concise explanations of American philosopher Michael Sandel, I see great insight into our current predicaments. If any political reckoning is on its way ... then perhaps it might come from the philosophy department of Harvard Madeleine Bunting Michael Sandel, perhaps the most prominent college professor in America,...practices the best kind of academic populism, managing to simplify John Stuart Mill and John Rawls without being simplistic. But Sandel is best at what he calls bringing 'moral clarity to the alternatives we confront as democratic citizens'... He ends up clarifying a basic political divide - not between left and right, but between those who recognize nothing greater than individual rights and choices, and those who affirm a 'politics of the common good,' rooted in moral beliefs that can't be ignored -- Michael Gerson Washington Post Michael Sandel transforms moral philosophy by putting it at the heart of civic debate...Sandel's insistence on the inescapably ethical character of political debate is enormously refreshing -- Edward Skidelsky New Statesman A spellbinding philosopher... For Michael Sandel, justice is not a spectator sport... He is calling for nothing less than a reinvigoration of citizenship -- Samuel Moyn The Nation An ambitious and an appealing idea. Intriguingly, I find myself persuaded that it might well be worth a try Lisa Jardine, The Times More than exhilarating; exciting in its ability to persuade this student/reader, time and again, that the principle now being invoked-on this page, in this chapter-is the one to deliver the sufficiently inclusive guide to the making of a decent life -- Vivien Gornick Boston Review Sandel explains theories of justice...with clarity and immediacy; the ideas of Aristotle, Jeremy Bentham, Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, Robert Nozick and John Rawls have rarely, if ever, been set out as accessibly... In terms we can all understand, Justice confronts us with the concepts that lurk, so often unacknowledged, beneath our conflicts -- Jonathan Rauch New York Times This book is absolutely indispensable for anyone who wants to be a good citizen. It shows how to balance competing values, a talent our nation desperately needs nowadays -- Walter Isaacson, Author Of 'benjamin Franklin: An American Life' Sandel dazzles in this sweeping survey of hot topics... Erudite, conversational and deeply humane, this is truly transformative reading Publishers Weekly, starred review Hard cases may make bad laws, but in Michael Sandel's hands they produce some cool philosophy... Justice is a timely plea for us to desist from political bickering and see if we can have a sensible discussion about what sort of society we really want to live in -- Jonathan Ree The Observer A road map for negotiating modern moral dilemmas... For those seeking a short course through moral philosophy from a witty writer, fast on his feet, and nimble with his pen, this thin volume is difficult to beat -- Kevin J. Hamilton Seattle Times There have been various attempts over the decades to bury moral philosophy -- to dismiss convictions about right and wrong as cultural prejudices, or secretions of the brain, or matters so personal they shouldn't even affect our private lives. But moral questions always return, as puzzles and as tragedies. Would we push a hefty man onto a railroad track to save the lives of five others? Should Petty Officer 1st Class Marcus Luttrell, in June of 2005, have executed a group of Afghan goatherds who, having stumbled on his position, might inform the enemy about his unit? (Luttrell let them go, the Taliban attacked, and three of his comrades died.) These examples and others -- price-gouging after Hurricane Katrina, affirmative action, gay marriage -- are all grist for the teaching of Michael Sandel, perhaps the most prominent college professor in America. His popular class at Harvard -- Moral Reasoning 22: Justice -- attracts about a sixth of all undergraduates. For those lacking $49,000 a year in tuition and board, he has written Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do? which has been further translated into a PBS series and a Web site, JusticeHarvard.org -- Michael Gerson Wall Street Journal
前言/序言
深入探索人类道德困境与社会正义的基石 《道德的疆界:构建一个公正社会的哲学探寻》 在人类文明的长河中,关于“什么是对的,什么是错的”的争论从未停止。我们如何定义正义?权利与义务的界限在哪里?在面对日益复杂的社会结构和技术进步时,我们赖以生存的道德准则是否依然适用? 本书并非对既有理论的简单罗列,而是一次对当代伦理学、政治哲学及社会实践的深度剖析与重构。它带领读者穿越哲学的迷宫,从古老的亚里士多德式德性伦理,到康德的绝对命令,再到功利主义的后果衡量,全面审视那些驱动人类社会运行的核心价值观。 第一部分:道德的起源与个体的抉择 我们从最基础的层面开始——个体道德的形成。本书深入探讨了人类心智如何形成道德判断。我们不仅仅关注结果,更着眼于动机。 1. 情感、理性与直觉的交织: 现代神经科学和心理学为我们揭示了道德决策中的“热”路径和“冷”路径。书中详细分析了道德直觉(如厌恶感、同情心)在快速决策中的作用,并将其与需要深思熟虑的理性推理进行对比。我们如何区分直觉性的道德反应和经过深思熟虑的伦理立场? 2. 自由意志与责任的悖论: 如果我们的行为在很大程度上受制于遗传、环境和潜意识的驱动,那么“自由选择”的道德基础何在?本书严谨地探讨了决定论与非决定论视角下,个体承担道德责任的条件。我们必须界定,在何种程度上我们可以要求一个人为其行为负责,以及社会应如何应对那些“别无选择”的边缘行为。 3. 契约论的现代重构: 从霍布斯到卢梭,再到罗尔斯,社会契约论一直是构建政治伦理的基石。本书特别关注现代社会中“隐含契约”的有效性。在一个高度异质化、文化多元的社会中,我们如何达成一个所有理性个体都能接受的、关于权利与义务的初始协议?我们探讨了“无知之幕”在当代全球化背景下的局限性与适用性,并提出新的共识构建模型。 第二部分:分配的艺术与社会正义的挑战 正义不仅是个人的行为规范,更是社会结构的设计蓝图。第二部分聚焦于资源、机会和权利在群体间的合理分配问题,这是现代政治哲学的核心战场。 4. 效率与公平的永恒拉锯: 经济学中的帕累托最优与伦理学中的公平原则之间存在着天然的张力。本书通过一系列经典的经济博弈模型和伦理困境案例,探讨了如何在不完全牺牲效率的前提下,最大化地实现社会福祉的公平分配。我们审视了“蛋糕如何切分”的哲学含义,并质疑了“蛋糕做大”是否是解决所有分配冲突的万能钥匙。 5. 论述平等的维度: 简单的“结果平等”往往与个人努力和贡献相悖;而彻底的“机会平等”又常常忽略了起点的不公。本书细致地辨析了各种形式的平等:机会平等、结果平等、承认平等(Recognition Equality)以及能力平等(Capability Approach)。我们重点分析了阿马蒂亚·森的“能力进路”,认为衡量社会福祉的关键在于个体“能够做什么”和“能够成为什么”,而非简单地拥有多少物质资源。 6. 补偿性正义与历史的重负: 面对历史遗留的不公,如奴隶制、殖民主义或系统性歧视,当代社会应承担何种补偿义务?本书深入分析了“代际正义”的概念。我们是否对我们未曾亲历的错误负有道德责任?以及,补偿的范围——是仅仅针对受害者个体,还是应扩展到整个群体或地区?我们必须审视补偿的界限,避免陷入无休止的历史追责循环,同时确保对历史创伤的严肃对待。 第三部分:全球化时代的伦理扩张 随着世界联系日益紧密,我们的道德关怀范围必须超越民族国家的界限。本书的第三部分将目光投向全球治理与跨文化伦理的复杂性。 7. 民族主义的道德限度: 尽管民族国家是现代政治的基础,但纯粹的民族主义伦理常常导致对他者的排斥和不公。本书探讨了“我们”的边界如何界定。在全球资源分配、气候变化责任以及人道主义干预等问题上,公民义务如何延伸至非公民个体?我们提出了一个基于“相互依赖性”的全球公民责任模型。 8. 科技伦理与人类的未来: 人工智能、基因编辑和大数据监控正在以前所未有的速度重塑社会结构和个体身份。本书探讨了这些尖端技术对传统伦理框架的冲击。例如,当算法决策取代了人类判断时,责任主体是谁?我们如何确保技术进步不会固化现有的社会不平等,反而成为新的压迫工具?我们必须在创新与谨慎之间,建立起一道坚固的伦理防线。 9. 正义的跨文化对话: 不同的文化和信仰体系对“好生活”的定义截然不同。本书呼吁一种“对话式正义”,即在坚持普遍人权底线的基础上,尊重并理解不同社群的内在价值体系。我们不能以一种文化范式强行裁决另一种文化的实践,而是需要在相互理解和尊重的前提下,寻找普适的伦理交集。 结语:在不确定中寻求卓越 《道德的疆界》承认,完美的正义或许是一个永远无法完全达到的理想状态。然而,哲学的真正价值不在于提供一个终极答案,而在于提供一个清晰、严谨的思考工具,使我们能够更好地识别不义、批判不公,并更有智慧地指导我们在充满张力的现实世界中,不断向着“应然”的境地靠近。 本书旨在激发每一位读者超越日常的惯性思维,深入挖掘自己道德判断背后的假设,从而为构建一个更加审慎、更具人文关怀的社会贡献一份清醒的力量。它不是一本提供慰藉的读物,而是一次对心智与良知的严峻挑战。