編輯推薦
適讀人群 :適閤於會計專業的雙語課教材,也適閤需要使用財務報錶信息的非會計專業的讀者。 《會計學——數字意味著什麼》第9版做瞭全麵更新,反映瞭業界動態,補充瞭大量內容,並配套開發瞭一係列優秀的學習工具。全書言簡意賅,條理清楚,習題豐富,讀者不僅能夠掌握會計學的基礎知識,而且能夠讀到原汁原味的地道專業英語。此“雙語教學版”非常適閤高校本科生的雙語教學課。
《會計學——數字意味著什麼》第9版有兩大特點:
角度獨特:從會計信息使用者的角度齣發,旨在幫助他們聽懂“商業語言”,理解會計信息,讀懂財務報錶。
言簡意賅:相比於百科全書式的、大部頭會計學教材,本書盡量忽略數學、技術細節,更強調會計的基礎知識。
內容簡介
《會計學——數字意味著什麼》(第9版,雙語教學版)是一本讓讀者熟悉和理解公司和其他經濟組織財務報告的會計用書。《會計學——數字意味著什麼》的目的不是讓讀者成為編製財務報錶的行傢,而是讓讀者略過會計流程的技術細節,瞭解會計數字之間的關係。因此,近30年來,《會計學——數字意味著什麼》英文原版一直是美國會計學入門課程用量頗大的四本書之一。
《會計學——數字意味著什麼》包括財務會計和管理會計兩個部分,共16章。具體章節如下:會計的今與昔;財務報錶及會計概念與原則;財務報錶數據的基本解釋;簿記過程和會計事項分析;流動資産的會計處理和列示;不動産、廠房、設備及其他非流動資産的會計處理和列示;負債的會計處理和列示;財務報錶分析;成本計劃;成本控製等。
作者簡介
David H. Marshall,is Professor of Accounting Emeritus at Millikin University.He taught at Millikin, a small, independent university located in Decatur, Illinois, for25 years. He taught courses in accounting, finance, computer information systems, and business policy, and was recognized as an outstanding teacher. The draft manuscript of this book was written in 1986 and used in a one-semester course that was developed for the non-business major. Subsequently supplemented with cases, it was used in the business core accounting principles and managerial accounting courses. Concurrently, a one-credit hour accounting laboratory taught potential accounting majors the mechanics of the accounting process. Prior to his teaching career, Marshall worked in public accounting and industry and he earned an MBA from Northwestern University. Professor Marshall’s interests outside academia include community service, woodturning, sailing, and travel.
Wayne W. McManus,makes his home in Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands, BWI, where he worked in the private banking sector for several years and is now a semiretired consultant. He maintains an ongoing relationship with the International College of the Cayman Islands as an adjunct Professor of Accounting and Law and as a member of the College’s Board of Trustees. McManus now offers the Cayman CPA Review course through the Financial Education Institute Ltd. and several professional development courses through the Chamber of Commerce. He earned an M.S. in accounting from Illinois State University, an MBA from the University of Kansas, a law degree from Northern IllinoisUniversity, and a master’s of law in taxation from the University of Missouri-Kansas City. He serves as a director of Endeavour Financial Corp. (EDV on the TSX exchange). He is an active member of the Cayman Islands Society of Professional Accountants and the local chapter of the CFA Institute. Professor McManus volunteers as a “professional” Santa each December, enjoys travel, golf, and scuba diving, and is an audio/video enthusiast.
Daniel F. Viele,is Professor of Accounting and currently serves as Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs at Webster University. He teaches courses in financial, managerial, and cost accounting, as well as accounting information systems. He has developed and taught numerous online graduate courses and for his leadership role in pioneering online teaching and learning, the university presented him with a Presidential Recognition Award. Professor Viele’s students and colleagues have also cited him its highest honor—the Kemper Award for Teaching Excellence. Prior to joining Webster University in 1998, he served as a systems consultant to the graphics arts University with Professor Marshall. Professor Viele holds an M.S. in Accounting from Colorado State University and has completed the Information Systems Faculty Development his dedication to teaching and innovative use of technology and in 2002 Webster awarded industry, and his previous teaching experience includes 10 years at Millikin Institute at the University of Minnesota and the Advanced Information Systems Faculty Development Institute at Indiana University. He is a member of the American Accounting Association and the Institute of Management Accountants where he has served as President of the Sangamon Valley Chapter and as a member of the National Board of Directors. Professor Viele enjoys sports of all kind, boating, and a good book.
目錄
會計的今與昔
財務報錶及會計概念與原則
財務報錶數據的基本解釋
簿記過程和會計事項分析
流動資産的會計處理和列示
不動産、廠房、設備及其他非流動資産的會計處理和列示
負債的會計處理和列示
所有者權益的會計處理和列示
利潤錶和現金流量錶
公司治理、報錶附注和其他財務信息
財務報錶分析
管理會計及本—量—利之間的關係
成本會計和報告係統
成本計劃
成本控製
為決策而進行的成本分析
結束篇:會計的未來
附錄:英特爾公司2008年年報摘錄
索引
精彩書摘
The liquidity measures of working capital, current ratio, and acid-test ratio were discussed in Chapter 3. One point that deserves reemphasis is the effect of the inven- tory cost-flow assumption on working capital. The balance sheet carrying value of inventories will depend on whether the weighted-average, FIFO, or LIFO assumption is used. In periods of rising prices, a firm using the FIFO cost-flow assumption will report a relatively higher asset value for inventories than a similar firm using the LIFO cost-flow assumption. Thus, even though the firms may be similar in all other respects, they will report different amounts of working capital, and they will have different cur- rent ratios. Therefore, a direct comparison of the liquidity of the two firms by using these measures is not possible. To ease this reporting difficulty, many firms using the LIFO method will disclose a LIFO reserve amount in the explanatory footnotes sec- tion of their annual reports. The LIFO reserve is the difference between the inventory valuation as reported under the LIFO basis and the amount that would have been reported under the FIFO basis. For example, the Eastman Kodak Company disclosed a LIFO reserve of $291 million in its 2005 annual report, which would have increased the firm’s reported inventory by 26%. Not surprisingly, Kodak switched from LIFO to the weighted-average inventory method (which for them approximates FIFO) on January 1, 2006, and thus has been able to report substantially higher inventory values on subsequent balance sheets. Of course, the differences caused by the LIFO–FIFO selection are often less dramatic for firms operating in other industries, as suggested by the LIFO reserves disclosed in 2008 by General Motors (9% of reported inventory) and General Electric (only 5%). Intel Corporation’s inventories are reported on a basis that approximates FIFO (see page 695 in the appendix).
Even more significant to suppliers or potential suppliers/creditors of the firm than the aggregate working capital or liquidity ratios is the firm’s current and recent pay- ment experience. Suppliers/creditors want to know whether or not the firm is paying its bills promptly. One indication of this is whether all cash discounts for prompt payment (e.g., for payment terms of 2/10, net 30) are being taken. Information about current and recent payment practices can be obtained by contacting other suppliers or credit bureaus and by reviewing Dun & Bradstreet reports (see Business in Practice—Credit Rating and Financial Analysis Services).
……
前言/序言
Welcome to the Ninth Edition of Accounting: What the Numbers Mean. We are confident that this text and supplemental resources will permit the achievement of understanding the basics of financial reporting by corporations and other enterprises.
Accounting has become known as the language of business. Financial statements result from the accounting process and are used by owners/investors, employees, creditors, and regulators in their planning, controlling, and decision-making activities as they evaluate the achievement of an organization’s objectives. Active study of this text will allow you to acquire command of the language and help you become an informed user of accounting information.
Accounting issues are likely to touch the majority of career paths in today’s economy. Students whose principal academic interests are not in accounting, but who are interested in other areas of business or nonbusiness areas, such as engineering, behavioral sciences, public administration and prelaw programs, will benefit from the approach used in this book. Individuals aspiring to an MBA degree or other graduate programs that focus on administration and management, who do not have an undergraduate business degree, will benefit from a course using this text.
Accounting: What the Numbers Mean takes the user through the basics: what accounting information is, how it is developed, how it is used, and what it means. Financial statements are examined to learn what they do and do not communicate, enhancing the student’s decision-making and problem-solving abilities from a user perspective. Achieving expertise in the preparation of financial statements is not an objective of this text. In short, we have designed these materials to assist those who wish to learn “what the numbers mean” without concentrating on the mechanical aspects of the accounting process.
Best wishes for successful use of the information presented here.
David H. Marshall
Wayne W. McManus
Daniel F. Viele
《財務報錶分析:洞察企業績效與價值創造》 導言:超越數字的敘事 在信息爆炸的時代,企業運營的復雜性日益加劇,對財務數據的深度理解和有效解讀成為商業決策成功的基石。《財務報錶分析:洞察企業績效與價值創造》並非一本枯燥的會計理論教科書,而是一本旨在賦能讀者——無論是投資者、管理者、分析師還是學生——將原始的財務數字轉化為有意義的商業洞察的實戰指南。本書的核心宗旨是,財務報錶不僅僅是曆史記錄,它們是理解一傢企業當前健康狀況、評估其未來潛力以及判斷其價值創造能力的“敘事載體”。 本書深入剖析瞭財務報告的結構、內容及其背後的經濟邏輯,重點強調如何運用分析工具和框架,從海量數據中篩選齣驅動企業長期價值的關鍵因素。我們相信,真正的財務分析能力,在於提煉齣數字背後的戰略意圖和運營效率。 --- 第一部分:基礎構建——理解財務報告的語言與結構 本部分為讀者奠定堅實的分析基礎,聚焦於理解三大核心財務報錶(資産負債錶、利潤錶、現金流量錶)及其附注的內在聯係和局限性。 第一章:會計信息係統的演進與框架 本章首先探討瞭會計信息在現代企業治理中的角色,追溯瞭主要會計準則(如IFRS和US GAAP)對財務信息披露的影響。重點分析瞭“權責發生製”與“收付實現製”的根本區彆,並闡述瞭如何通過會計政策的選擇來理解管理層對業績的衡量傾嚮。同時,我們將討論非財務信息(如ESG指標、公司治理結構)如何與財務數據結閤,共同描繪企業畫像。 第二章:資産負債錶的深度透視:資源配置與資本結構 資産負債錶被視為企業在特定時點上的“快照”。本章將超越對資産和負債簡單分類的層麵,深入探討資産的計量基礎(曆史成本、公允價值)及其對財務穩健性的影響。我們會詳細解析流動性管理,包括營運資本的動態變化及其對短期償債能力的影響。在負債端,本書著重分析瞭錶內債務與錶外融資工具(如租賃、擔保)的識彆與量化,幫助讀者識彆隱藏的財務風險。特彆關注瞭商譽和無形資産的減值測試流程,這是評估高科技或品牌驅動型企業價值的關鍵環節。 第三章:利潤錶的解析:盈利質量與可持續性 利潤錶是衡量企業經營成果的核心工具。本書強調“盈利質量”的概念,區分瞭由核心業務驅動的持續性收益與由一次性事件或會計估計帶來的非經常性收益。我們將詳細剖析收入確認的復雜性(特彆是多階段閤同和訂閱模式),以及成本費用(如研發費用、摺舊攤銷)的資本化與費用化決策如何影響當期利潤。此外,本書對“非GAAP”或“調整後”收益的審慎使用進行瞭批判性討論,指導讀者如何區分管理層有益的溝通與可能存在的“盈餘管理”行為。 第四章:現金流量錶的重構:洞察現金的真正來源與去嚮 現金流被公認為是比淨利潤更難被操縱的指標。本章的核心在於教會讀者如何從“間接法”現金流量錶中反推齣企業的真實現金創造能力。我們將詳細分析經營活動現金流(OCF)與資本支齣(CapEx)之間的關係,以評估自由現金流(FCF)的可靠性。同時,本書對融資活動現金流中的股利政策、股票迴購和債務重組進行瞭深入分析,解釋瞭這些活動如何反映管理層對未來現金預期的信心水平。 --- 第二部分:分析方法論——從數據到決策 本部分著重於提供一套係統化的財務分析工具箱,指導讀者如何運用比率分析、趨勢分析和同業對標來評估企業績效。 第五章:核心績效比率分析:效率、盈利與償債能力的權衡 本章係統地介紹瞭四大類關鍵比率: 1. 效率比率: 存貨周轉率、應收賬款周轉天數,並探討瞭供應鏈管理對運營效率的影響。 2. 盈利比率: 毛利率、營業利潤率、淨資産收益率(ROE)的杜邦分析體係,並強調瞭對ROE組成部分——杠杆、利潤率和資産周轉率——的分解,以識彆企業價值驅動因素。 3. 償債比率: 流動比率、速動比率、利息保障倍數,以及其在不同行業背景下的適用性。 4. 市場價值比率: 市盈率(P/E)、市淨率(P/B)的動態分析,並結閤增長預期進行解釋。 第六章:盈利質量評估與風險識彆 本章是本書的亮點之一,專注於識彆財務報錶中的潛在“紅旗”。我們將深入探討應收賬款的過度增長、存貨積壓、摺舊政策的突變、以及收入確認的激進性對未來盈利的侵蝕。通過案例分析,讀者將學習如何運用敏感性分析來測試關鍵會計估計(如壞賬準備、資産壽命)對每股收益的影響。 第七章:企業增長的驅動力與投資迴報分析(ROIC框架) 本書強調,可持續增長必須建立在高於資本成本的迴報之上。本章引入瞭投入資本迴報率(ROIC)作為衡量企業價值創造的黃金標準。我們將詳細解析ROIC的分解模型,區分“價值捕獲”(高利潤率)和“價值創造”(高資産周轉率)兩種增長路徑。此外,本書會探討如何將公司的資本支齣(CapEx)與ROIC變化進行關聯分析,以判斷管理層的再投資決策是否明智。 --- 第三部分:特定情景與估值應用 本部分將理論分析應用於實際商業場景,涵蓋瞭特殊交易、行業對比和基礎估值方法。 第八章:並購、重組與閤並財務報錶分析 在復雜的商業交易中,財務報錶的解讀麵臨巨大挑戰。本章詳細分析瞭並購交易中的“購買法會計”(Purchase Accounting),特彆是商譽的確認與後續減值風險。對於閤並報錶的分析,本書側重於如何剝離和調整集團內部交易的影響,以及如何評估協同效應的真實性。此外,我們將探討資産剝離和業務分拆對留存業務盈利能力的影響。 第九章:行業特殊性與對比分析 不同行業的資本密集度、營運周期和風險特徵迥異,要求分析師采用差異化的視角。本章將選取幾個典型行業(如金融業、高科技製造業、零售業)進行深入剖析。例如,對銀行而言,不良貸款撥備和淨息差是關鍵;對科技公司,研發投入的資本化傾嚮和用戶獲取成本(CAC)是核心指標。本書提供瞭構建“行業標準比率組”的方法,以確保同業對比的有效性。 第十章:基礎估值模型中的財務數據輸入 財務分析的最終目標往往是估值。本章將介紹如何將深度分析的成果轉化為估值模型的關鍵輸入參數。我們將討論如何利用曆史財務數據預測未來的收入流、運營費用和資本支齣,從而構建可靠的自由現金流摺現(DCF)模型。重點闡述瞭如何根據盈利質量和增長可持續性,閤理選擇摺現率(WACC)和永續增長率,確保估值結果的穩健性。 --- 結論:構建全麵的商業判斷 本書最終旨在培養讀者批判性的思維模式。財務分析不是一個綫性的計算過程,而是一個迭代的、需要不斷結閤宏觀經濟、行業趨勢和管理層素質進行綜閤判斷的藝術。通過掌握本書提供的工具和視角,讀者將能夠更清晰地“閱讀”企業財務報錶背後的真實戰略意圖,從而做齣更明智的投資、管理或信貸決策。 --- (全書總計約1500字)