具体描述
内容简介
由叶建芳和孙红星编著的《会计英语(第4版)》分为九章,一至第三章是对会计的性质以及会计信息产生过程的叙述;第四至第八章是关于资产、负债和所有者权益的确认、计量和报告;第九章是关于有关企业经营活动对现金流量表的影响,以及如何编制现金流量表。为了满足读者需要,最后附录中有主要报表的中英文对照表。
目录
1 An Introduction to Accounting
1.1 Accounting is an Information System
1.2 Forms of Organization
1.3 The Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements
1.4 Understanding of Financial Statements
Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Statement of Owner's Equity Statement of Retained Earnings
Cash FlowStatement
1.5 Accounting and its Profession
1.6 Accounting Elements and Using the Accounting Equation
What is Accounting Equation?
Effects of Transactions on the Accounting Equation
1.7 Ethics in Accounting
Some Basic Ethical Standards
Demonstration Problem
Vocabulary
Self-Test Questions
Discussion Questions
Exercises
Problems
Mini-Case
2 Recording Transactions
2.1 Economic Events and Business Documents
……
精彩书摘
America Online, Inc. (AOL) provides Internet access to millions of subscribers throughout the world. AOL is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and is registered with the Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. During its fiscal years ended June 30, 1995 and June 30, 1996, AOL undertook extensive advertising efforts to rapidly expand its customer base. These efforts included distributing millions of computer disks containing AOL start-up software and paying computer equipment manufacturers to bundle the startup software with their computers. The company capitalized the expenditures as an asset, " Deferred Membership Acquisition Costs (DMAC) " ,thus defemng the advertising costs as an asset rather than an expense. Effective July 1, 1995, AOL changed the period over which it amortized these acquisition costs from twelve and eighteen months to twenty-four months, resulting in an increase in reported net income of $ 48:106 million. As a result of this accounting change, AOL reported net income of $ 30 nullion for the fiscal year.
ended June 30, 1996, rather than a loss of $ 18 million. This aggressive accounting method allowed AOL to report profits for six of the eight quarters during fiscal 1995 and 1996. According to the SEC, if AOL would have expensed the costs, as required under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) , they would have reported losses in each of the 8 quarters in fiscal years 1995 and 1996. By September 1996, these deferred advertising costs reached $ 385 million. Finally, in October 1996, AOL announced that it wrote-off the $ 385 million balance of capitalized DMAC at September 30, 1996 because the company believed "it no longer has an adequate accounting bases to support recognizing deferred subscriber acquisition costs as an asset," and would expense all such costs from October 1, 1996 forward. The write-off resulted in a.reported net loss of $ 354 million for the three months ended September 30, 1996 on revenues of $ 350 million.
On May 15, 2000, AOL agreed to pay a $ 3.5 million penalty and restate its operating results from 1995 and 1996 to reflect the proper accounting treatment of the advertising costs tosettle Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) allegations that the Internet provider improperly accounted for its advertising and marketing costs during 1995 and 1996. Citing Statement of Position 93-7 , the SEC argued that AOL could not properly capitalize the costs as assets unless they could demonstrate that, based on past experience, the probabie future revenues from new customers will exceed future costs, and that the historical evidence upon which it bases its recoverability analysis is relevant and reliable. The SEC concluded that AOL could not reliably satisfy these requirements given the unstable business environment and 'highly competitive nature of the Intemet marketplace.
Answer the following questions:
1. AOL's expenditures for the direct cost of providing software to potential customers and bundling the software with original computer equipment were classified for accounting purposes as "deferred subscriber acquisition costs," a form of marketing cost. Are advertising expenditures generally treated as an expense for the current period or deferred as an asset for accounting purposes?
2. AOL capitalized a portion of subscriber acquisition costs incurred during fiscal 1995 (6/30/95) and 1996 (6/30/96) as a long-term intangible asset. Indicate the difference between this type of cost compared to a tangible asset, such as property and equipment.
3.1ndicate how the cost of intangible assets is expensed.
4.1ndicate the amortization method that is generally used to allocate the cost of intangible assets.
5. US GAAP requires capitalization of expenditures that have reliable evidence of expected future benefits extending beyond the current accounting period. Expenditures that give rise to expect future benefits should be capitalized as an asset rather than expensed in the period incurred. Indicate the future benefits that AOL expected from these subscriber acquisition costs. Also, indicate the number of periods over which these benefits would likely be realized.
6. The period over which AOL amortized subscriber acquisition costs initially was twelve and eighteen months. Effective July 1, 1995, when these total deferred costs on AOL' s balance sheet was $ 26 million, the Company began amortizing the capitalized costs over a twenty-four month life. As of September 30, 1996, AOL again changed accounting methods. From the first quarter of fiscal year 1997 (9/30/96) to the present, subscriber acquisition costs are written off as an expense in the period of incurrence. Indicate how the estimated useful life of an intangible asset is determined.
7. Explain the similarity and differences in the accounting for amortization and depreciation.
8. AOL wrote off the unamortized balance of $ 385 million in deferred subscriber acquisition costs in the first quarter of fiscal year 1997 ( September 30, 1996) resulting in earnings for that quarter of $ 19.0 million becoming a'reported loss of $ 353.7 million. Indicate the business conditions that would cause a company to expense the entire cost of an intangible asset in one accounting period.
9.1ndicate how AOL will likely report. the $ 3.5 million civil penalty in its fiscal year 2000 (6/30/00) financial statements.
10. AOL agreed to pay a $ 3.5 million civil penalty and treat customer acquisition costs as expenses in the period in which they were incurred without admitting any wrongdoing. As a result, AOL will restate historical results from 1995 to 1996 to reflect that changed treatment. Do you think that the settlement of the charges brought by the SEC will have a significant impact on the company's future operations?
…… 前言/序言
《国际金融市场实务与前沿》 图书简介 第一部分:全球金融市场的宏观图景与基础架构 本书旨在为读者构建一个全面、深入且与时俱进的国际金融市场知识体系。不同于传统的侧重于单一国家或某一特定金融工具的教材,本书以全球化视角出发,系统梳理了现代国际金融市场的复杂结构、运行机制及其对实体经济的深远影响。 第一章:全球金融体系的演变与重构 本章首先追溯了布雷顿森林体系瓦解以来的国际货币体系变迁史,重点分析了浮动汇率制度下的挑战与机遇。我们深入探讨了国际金融机构,如国际货币基金组织(IMF)、世界银行(World Bank)和国际清算银行(BIS)在维护全球金融稳定中的角色与职能的演变。此外,本章将详细剖析近年来地缘政治冲突、技术革命(如区块链和分布式账本技术)对全球资本流动路径的重塑作用,并讨论了“去美元化”趋势背景下的新兴市场挑战。 第二章:外汇市场的深度解析 外汇市场是国际金融体系的神经中枢。本章从实务操作层面出发,详尽阐述了即期交易、远期交易、外汇掉期(FX Swaps)和期权等主要交易工具的定价模型与风险管理应用。重点内容包括:如何解读关键的外汇市场指标(如利率平价理论、购买力平价理论的现代修正版),以及在全球宏观经济数据发布时,市场参与者如何快速有效地做出反应。我们还将引入最新的外汇算法交易策略及其在高频交易中的应用案例。 第三章:国际资本市场与债券结构 本章聚焦于跨国界的债务融资活动。我们将区分主权债券、跨国公司债券和欧洲债券市场(Eurobond Market)的独特之处。核心内容包括了国际债券发行流程、信用评级体系(Moody's, S&P, Fitch)的运作逻辑,以及新兴市场发行人如何平衡国际投资者偏好与国内融资需求。此外,本章对利率互换(Interest Rate Swaps)和信用违约互换(CDS)等衍生工具在风险对冲和套利中的应用进行了细致的案例分析。 第二部分:金融衍生品与风险管理前沿 现代金融市场管理的核心在于对风险的识别、计量和对冲。本部分将重点提升读者在衍生品分析和风险控制方面的实战能力。 第四章:金融衍生品的高级应用 本章深入讲解了股指期货、利率期货以及跨国套期保值策略。相对于基础知识的介绍,本章侧重于复杂情景下的应用:例如,如何利用期权组合(如蝶式、秃鹰式策略)在特定的波动率预期下构建盈利模型。针对跨国企业,我们详细阐述了如何利用期货和远期合约来锁定汇率风险敞口,并评估这些对冲策略的有效性(Hedge Effectiveness)。 第五章:市场风险计量与压力测试 计量风险是现代金融机构的生命线。本章系统介绍了衡量市场风险的主要方法:风险价值(VaR)模型的局限性与改进(如条件风险价值CVaR),以及历史模拟法、蒙特卡洛模拟法的实际操作步骤。更重要的是,我们探讨了在金融危机和“黑天鹅”事件频发背景下,监管机构(如巴塞尔协议III/IV)要求金融机构进行压力测试的具体框架和参数设置,并结合近年来市场实例进行剖析。 第六章:量化投资策略与金融科技(FinTech) 本章面向对量化分析感兴趣的读者,探讨了因子投资(Factor Investing)在国际股票和固定收益市场中的应用。内容涵盖了宏观因子、基本面因子以及行为金融学因子如何被纳入投资组合构建。紧接着,本章将分析金融科技对传统交易模式的颠覆:智能投顾、算法做市商的运作模式,以及分布式账本技术(DLT)在提升跨境支付清算效率方面的潜力与挑战。 第三部分:监管环境、危机应对与可持续金融 第七章:全球金融监管框架的协调与冲突 理解监管是进行国际金融活动的前提。本章详细对比了美国(SEC, CFTC)、欧盟(MiFID II, EMIR)和亚洲主要金融中心(如香港、新加坡)的监管差异。重点分析了跨境监管合作的难题,特别是对于大型跨国银行和金融控股公司的系统重要性监管(G-SIFI)。 第八章:系统性风险与金融危机传导机制 本章以历史上的金融危机(如亚洲金融危机、全球金融危机)为蓝本,深入剖析了风险在不同金融市场之间的传染路径(Contagion Channels)。我们使用网络理论模型来分析金融机构间的相互关联性,并探讨央行在危机爆发时作为最后贷款人的干预策略和局限性。 第九章:可持续金融(ESG)与绿色金融 随着全球对气候变化的关注提升,可持续金融已成为国际资本市场的新焦点。本章介绍了环境、社会和治理(ESG)信息的披露标准(如TCFD、ISSB),以及绿色债券和可持续发展挂钩贷款(SLL)的市场结构、定价机制及其面临的“漂绿”风险。本章旨在帮助读者理解如何将气候风险纳入传统的财务分析和投资决策流程中。 总结与展望 本书的特色在于理论的深度与实务的广度相结合,力求提供一个既能应对当前复杂市场环境,又能前瞻未来发展趋势的知识框架。通过丰富的案例分析和数据驱动的讨论,读者将能够熟练掌握国际金融市场的操作技巧,并具备批判性评估全球金融风险的能力。本书适合金融机构中高层管理者、金融工程专业学生以及希望深入了解国际资本运作的专业人士阅读。