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出版社： Simon & Schuster

ISBN：9780671657130

商品编码：10399603330

Society Of Mind

内容简介
 Marvin Minsky -- one of the fathers of computer science and cofounder of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at MIT -- gives a revolutionary answer to the age-old question: "How does the mind work?"

Minsky brilliantly portrays the mind as a "society" of tiny components that are themselves mindless. Mirroring his theory, Minsky boldly casts The Society of Mind as an intellectual puzzle whose pieces are assembled along the way. Each chapter -- on a self-contained page -- corresponds to a piece in the puzzle. As the pages turn, a unified theory of the mind emerges, like a mosaic. Ingenious, amusing, and easy to read, The Society of Mind is an adventure in imagination.

编辑推荐

For some artificial intelligence researchers, Minsky's book is too far removed from hard science to be useful. For others, the high-level approach of The Society of Mind makes it a gold mine of ideas waiting to be implemented. The author, one of the undisputed fathers of the discipline of AI, sets out to provide an abstract model of how the human mind really works. His thesis is that our minds consist of a huge aggregation of tiny mini-minds or agents that have evolved to perform highly specific tasks. Most of these agents lack the attributes we think of as intelligence and are severely limited in their ability to intercommunicate. Yet rational thought, feeling, and purposeful action result from the interaction of these basic components. Minsky's theory does not suggest a specific implementation for building intelligent machines. Still, this book may prove to be one of the most influential for the future of AI.

媒体推荐

Martin Gardner The Boston Sunday Globe SPARKLING WITH JOKES and apt quotations...and rich insights. -- Review

作者简介

Marvin Minsky is the Donner Professor of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he cofounded the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and former president of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence.

目录

CONTENTS

1 PROLOGUE

1.1 THE AGENTS OF THE MIND

1.2 THE MIND AND THE BRAIN

1.3 THE SOCIETY OF MIND

1.4 THE WORLD OF BLOCKS

1.5 COMMON SENSE

1.6 AGENTS AND AGENCIES

2 WHOLES AND PARTS

2.1 COMPONENTS AND CONNECTIONS

2.2 NOVELISTS AND REDUCTIONISTS

2.3 PARTS AND WHOLES

2.4 HOLES AND PARTS

2.5 EASY THINGS ARE HARD

2.6 ARE PEOPLE MACHINES?

3 CONFLICT AND COMPROMISE

3.1 CONFLICT

3.2 NONCOMPROMISE

3.3 HIERARCHIES

3.4 HETERARCHIES

3.5 DESTRUCTIVENESS

3.6 PAIN AND PLEASURE SIMPLIFIED

4 THE SELF

4.1 THE SELF

4.2 ONE SELF OR MANY?

4.3 THE SOUL

4.4 THE CONSERVATIVE SELF

4.5 EXPLOITATION

4.6 SELF-CONTROL

4.7 LONG-RANGE PLANS

4.8 IDEALS

5 INDIVIDUALITY

5.1 CIRCULAR CAUSALITY

5.2 UNANSWERABLE QUESTIONS

5.3 THE REMOTE-CONTROL SELF

5.4 PERSONAL IDENTITY

5.5 FASHION AND STYLE

5.6 TRAITS

5.7 PERMANENT IDENTITY

6 INSIGHT AND INTROSPECTION

6.1 CONSCIOUSNESS

6.2 SIGNALS AND SIGNS

6.3 THOUGHT-EXPERIMENTS

6.4 B-BRAINS

6.5 FROZEN REFLECTION

6.6 MOMENTARY MENTAL TIME

6.7 THE CAUSAL NOW

6.8 THINKING WITHOUT THINKING

6.9 HEADS IN THE CLOUDS

6.10 WORLDS OUT OF MIND

6.11 IN-SIGHT

6.12 INTERNAL COMMUNICATION

6.13 SELF-KNOWLEDGE IS DANGEROUS

6.14 CONFUSION

7 PROBLEMS AND GOALS

7.1 INTELLIGENCE

7.2 UNCOMMON SENSE

7.3 THE PUZZLE PRINCIPLE

7.4 PROBLEM SOLVING

7.5 LEARNING AND MEMORY

7.6 REINFORCEMENT AND REWARD

7.7 LOCAL RESPONSIBILITY

7.8 DIFFERENCE-ENGINES

7.9 INTENTIONS

7.10 GENIUS

8 A THEORY OF MEMORY

8.1 K-LINES: A THEORY OF MEMORY

8.2 RE-MEMBERING

8.3 MENTAL STATES AND DISPOSITIONS

8.4 PARTIAL MENTAL STATES

8.5 LEVEL-BANDS

8.6 LEVELS

8.7 FRINGES

8.8 SOCIETIES OF MEMORIES

8.9 KNOWLEDGE-TREES

8.10 LEVELS AND CLASSIFICATIONS

8.11 LAYERS OF SOCIETIES

9 SUMMARIES

9.1 WANTING AND LIKING

9.2 GERRYMANDERING

9.3 LEARNING FROM FAILURE

9.4 ENJOYING DISCOMFORT

10 PAPERT'S PRINCIPLE

10.1 PIAGET'S EXPERIMENTS

10.2 REASONING ABOUT AMOUNTS

10.3 PRIORITIES

10.4 PAPERT'S PRINCIPLE

10.5 THE SOCIETY-OF-MORE

10.6 ABOUT PIAGET'S EXPERIMENTS

10.7 THE CONCEPT OF CONCEPT

10.8 EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT

10.9 LEARNING A HIERARCHY

11 THE SHAPE OF SPACE

11.1 SEEING RED

11.2 THE SHAPE OF SPACE

11.3 NEARNESSES

11.4 INNATE GEOGRAPHY

11.5 SENSING SIMILARITIES

11.6 THE CENTERED SELF

11.7 PREDESTINED LEARNING

11.8 HALF-BRAINS

11.9 DUMBBELL THEORIES

12 LEARNING MEANING

12.1 A BLOCK-ARCH SCENARIO

12.2 LEARNING MEANING

12.3 UNIFRAMES

12.4 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

12.5 THE FUNCTIONS OF STRUCTURES

12.6 ACCUMULATION

12.7 ACCUMULATION STRATEGIES

12.8 PROBLEMS OF DISUNITY

12.9 THE EXCEPTION PRINCIPLE

12.10 HOW TOWERS WORK

12.11 HOW CAUSES WORK

12.12 MEANING AND DEFINITION

12.13 BRIDGE-DEFINITIONS

13 SEEING AND BELIEVING

13.1 REFORMULATION

13.2 BOUNDARIES

13.3 SEEING AND BELIEVING

13.4 CHILDREN'S DRAWING-FRAMES

13.5 LEARNING A SCRIPT

13.6 THE FRONTIER EFFECT

13.7 DUPLICATIONS

14 REFORMULATION

14.1 USING REFORMULATIONS

14.2 THE BODY-SUPPORT CONCEPT

14.3 MEANS AND ENDS

14.4 SEEING SQUARES

14.5 BRAINSTORMING

14.6 THE INVESTMENT PRINCIPLE

14.7 PARTS AND HOLES

14.8 THE POWER OF NEGATIVE THINKING

14.9 THE INTERACTION-SQUARE

15 CONSCIOUSNESS AND MEMORY

15.1 MOMENTARY MENTAL STATE

15.2 SELF-EXAMINATION

15.3 MEMORY

15.4 MEMORIES OF MEMORIES

15.5 THE IMMANENCE ILLUSION

15.6 MANY KINDS OF MEMORY

15.7 MEMORY REARRANGEMENTS

15.8 ANATOMY OF MEMORY

15.9 INTERRUPTION AND RECOVERY

15.10 LOSING TRACK

15.11 THE RECURSION PRINCIPLE

16 EMOTION

16.1 EMOTION

16.2 MENTAL GROWTH

16.3 MENTAL PROTO-SPECIALISTS

16.4 CROSS-EXCLUSION

16.5 AVALANCHE EFFECTS

16.6 MOTIVATION

16.7 EXPLOITATION

16.8 STIMULUS VS. SIMULUS

16.9 INFANT EMOTIONS

16.10 ADULT EMOTIONS

17 DEVELOPMENT

17.1 SEQUENCES OF TEACHING-SELVES

17.2 ATTACHMENT-LEARNING

17.3 ATTACHMENT SIMPLIFIES

17.4 FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY

17.5 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES

17.6 PREREQUISITES FOR GROWTH

17.7 GENETIC TIMETABLES

17.8 ATTACHMENT-IMAGES

17.9 DIFFERENT SPANS OF MEMORIES

17.10 INTELLECTUAL TRAUMA

17.11 INTELLECTUAL IDEALS

18 REASONING

18.1 MUST MACHINES BE LOGICAL?

18.2 CHAINS OF REASONING

18.3 CHAINING

18.4 LOGICAL CHAINS

18.5 STRONG ARGUMENTS

18.6 MAGNITUDE FROM MULTITUDE

18.7 WHAT IS A NUMBER?

18.8 MATHEMATICS MADE HARD

18.9 ROBUSTNESS AND RECOVERY

19 WORDS AND IDEAS

19.1 THE ROOTS OF INTENTION

19.2 THE LANGUAGE-AGENCY

19.3 WORDS AND IDEAS

19.4 OBJECTS AND PROPERTIES

19.5 POLYNEMES

19.6 RECOGNIZERS

19.7 WEIGHING EVIDENCE

19.8 GENERALIZING

19.9 RECOGNIZING THOUGHTS

19.10 CLOSING THE RING

20 CONTEXT AND AMBIGUITY

20.1 AMBIGUITY

20.2 NEGOTIATING AMBIGUITY

20.3 VISUAL AMBIGUITY

20.4 LOCKING-IN AND WEEDING-OUT

20.5 MICRONEMES

20.6 THE NEMEIC SPIRAL

20.7 CONNECTIONS

20.8 CONNECTION LINES

20.9 DISTRIBUTED MEMORY

21 TRANS-FRAMES

21.1 THE PRONOUNS OF THE MIND

21.2 PRONOMES

21.3 TRANS-FRAMES

21.4 COMMUNICATION AMONG AGENTS

21.5 AUTOMATISM

21.6 TRANS-FRAME PRONOMES

21.7 GENERALIZING WITH PRONOMES

21.8 ATTENTION

22 EXPRESSION

22.1 PRONOMES AND POLYNEMES

22.2 ISONOMES

22.3 DE-SPECIALIZING

22.4 LEARNING AND TEACHING

22.5 INFERENCE

22.6 EXPRESSION

22.7 CAUSES AND CLAUSES

22.8 INTERRUPTIONS

22.9 PRONOUNS AND REFERENCES

22.10 VERBAL EXPRESSION

22.11 CREATIVE EXPRESSION

23 COMPARISONS

23.1 A WORLD OF DIFFERENCES

23.2 DIFFERENCES AND DUPLICATES

23.3 TIME BLINKING

23.4 THE MEANINGS OF MORE

23.5 FOREIGN ACCENTS

24 FRAMES

24.1 THE SPEED OF THOUGHT

24.2 FRAMES OF MIND

24.3 HOW TRANS-FRAMES WORK

24.4 DEFAULT ASSUMPTIONS

24.5 NONVERBAL REASONING

24.6 DIRECTION-NEMES

24.7 PICTURE-FRAMES

24.8 HOW PICTURE-FRAMES WORK

24.9 RECOGNIZERS AND MEMORIZERS

25 FRAME-ARRAYS

25.1 ONE FRAME AT A TIME?

25.2 FRAME-ARRAYS

25.3 THE STATIONARY WORLD

25.4 THE SENSE OF CONTINUITY

25.5 EXPECTATIONS

25.6 THE FRAME IDEA

26 LANGUAGE-FRAMES

26.1 UNDERSTANDING WORDS

26.2 UNDERSTANDING STORIES

26.3 SENTENCE-FRAMES

26.4 A PARTY-FRAME

26.5 STORY-FRAMES

26.6 SENTENCE AND NONSENSE

26.7 FRAMES FOR NOUNS

26.8 FRAMES FOR VERBS

26.9 LANGUAGE AND VISION

26.10 LEARNING LANGUAGE

26.11 GRAMMAR

26.12 COHERENT DISCOURSE

27 CENSORS AND JOKES

27.1 DEMONS

27.2 SUPPRESSORS

27.3 CENSORS

27.4 EXCEPTIONS TO LOGIC

27.5 JOKES

27.6 HUMOR AND CENSORSHIP

27.7 LAUGHTER

27.8 GOOD HUMOR

28 THE MIND AND THE WORLD

28.1 THE MYTH OF MENTAL ENERGY

28.2 MAGNITUDE AND MARKETPLACE

28.3 QUANTITY AND QUALITY

28.4 MIND OVER MATTER

28.5 THE MIND AND THE WORLD

28.6 MINDS AND MACHINES

28.7 INDIVIDUAL IDENTITIES

28.8 OVERLAPPING MINDS

29 THE REALMS OF THOUGHT

29.1 THE REALMS OF THOUGHT

29.2 SEVERAL THOUGHTS AT ONCE

29.3 PARANOMES

29.4 CROSS-REALM CORRESPONDENCES

29.5 THE PROBLEM OF UNITY

29.6 AUTISTIC CHILDREN

29.7 LIKENESSES AND ANALOGIES

29.8 METAPHORS

30 MENTAL MODELS

30.1 KNOWING

30.2 KNOWING AND BELIEVING

30.3 MENTAL MODELS

30.4 WORLD MODELS

30.5 KNOWING OURSELVES

30.6 FREEDOM OF WILL

30.7 THE MYTH OF THE THIRD ALTERNATIVE

30.8 INTELLIGENCE AND RESOURCEFULNESS

APPENDIX

31.1 HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT

31.2 THE GENESIS OF MENTAL REALMS

31.3 GESTURES AND TRAJECTORIES

31.4 BRAIN CONNECTIONS

31.5 SURVIVAL INSTINCT

31.6 EVOLUTION AND INTENT

31.7 INSULATION AND INTERACTION

31.8 EVOLUTION OF HUMAN THOUGHT

POSTSCRIPT AND ACKNOWLEDGMENT

GLOSSARY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX

文摘

CHAPTER 1

PROLOGUE

Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.
Albert Einstein

This book tries to explain how minds work. How can intelligence emerge from nonintelligence? To answer that, we'll show that you can build a mind from many little parts, each mindless by itself.

I'll call "Society of Mind" this scheme in which each mind is made of many smaller processes. These we'll call agents. Each mental agent by itself can only do some simple thing that needs no mind or thought at all. Yet when we join these agents in societies -- in certain very special ways -- this leads to true intelligence.

There's nothing very technical in this book. It, too, is a society -- of many small ideas. Each by itself is only common sense, yet when we join enough of them we can explain the strangest mysteries of mind.

One trouble is that these ideas have lots of cross-connections. My explanations rarely go in neat, straight lines from start to end. I wish I could have lined them up so that you could climb straight to the top, by mental stair-steps, one by one. Instead they're tied in tangled webs.

Perhaps the fault is actually mine, for failing to find a tidy base of neatly ordered principles. But I'm inclined to lay the blame upon the nature of the mind: much of its power seems to stem from just the messy ways its agents cross-connect. If so, that complication can't be helped; it's only what we must expect from evolution's countless tricks.

What can we do when things are hard to describe? We start by sketching out the roughest shapes to serve as scaffolds for the rest; it doesn't matter very much if some of those forms turn out partially wrong. Next, draw details to give these skeletons more lifelike flesh. Last, in the final filling-in, discard whichever first ideas no longer fit.

That's what we do in real life, with puzzles that seem very hard. It's much the same for shattered pots as for the cogs of great machines. Until you've seen some of the rest, you can't make sense of any part.

基本信息
作者：Marvin Minsky
出版社: Simon & Schuster (1988年3月15日)
丛书名: A Touchstone book
平装: 336页
语种： 英语
ISBN: 0671657135
条形码: 9780671657130
商品尺寸: 21.6 x 2.3 x 27.9 cm
商品重量: 776 g
ASIN: 0671657135

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坦白说，这本书对读者的先决知识储备有一定的要求，它并没有过多地“迁就”初学者。你得做好准备，迎接一些需要查阅背景资料才能完全消化的术语和引用。但这恰恰也是它价值所在——它捍卫了学术探讨的严肃性，拒绝将复杂的思想做肤浅的简化处理。对于那些有一定基础，渴望进行更深层次探索的群体而言，这种“门槛”反而是筛选和确保高质量交流的必要屏障。读完之后，我感觉自己好像完成了一次高强度的智力训练，虽然过程可能略显吃力，但最终的收获感是无可替代的。它不仅仅是一本“提供答案”的书，更是一本“教你如何提出更好问题”的指南，这种导向性远比单纯的知识灌输要宝贵得多。

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从内容编排和章节过渡来看，这本书的作者展现出了惊人的宏观视野和结构把控能力。每一章的引入都像是为下一章铺设了一条坚实的桥梁，使得整体论述如同一个巨大的、互相咬合的有机体，而不是零散观点的堆砌。这种整体性的布局，让读者在阅读初期就能对全书的脉络有一个大致的预判，但随着深入，又会被作者不断抛出的新颖视角所震撼。我特别留意了那些过渡性的段落，它们处理得非常巧妙，既回顾了前文的论点，又自然地引出了后续的探讨方向，使得阅读的连贯性极强，很少有“断裂感”。这种对结构美的追求，使得即便是面对复杂晦涩的概念，读者也能借由清晰的结构指引而不至于迷失方向，这是一种高超的写作技艺的体现。

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这本书的语言风格非常精炼和具有穿透力，读起来像是直接与一位思想深邃的前辈在进行一场高强度的思想交锋。作者的遣词造句极其考究，每一个词语似乎都经过了无数次的掂量和筛选，没有丝毫的冗余，直指核心。我特别欣赏那种行文中的逻辑链条，清晰、严密，如同精密的钟表结构，层层递进，让人在阅读过程中需要高度集中精神去跟上他的思路。有时候需要停下来，反复咀嚼某一段话，甚至会拿出纸笔进行一些临摹和笔记，因为那种表达的密度实在是太高了。这绝对不是那种可以“放空大脑”来阅读的作品，它要求读者拿出百分之百的智力投入，去理解那些微妙的语境和转折。这种阅读的“阻力”，恰恰是它魅力所在，因为它逼迫你走出舒适区，去激活那些沉睡已久的思维模块，体验到思维被拉伸和重塑的过程。

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与其他同类主题的著作相比，这本书最大的区别在于它所蕴含的思辨深度是少有的。它似乎并不满足于停留在表层的现象描述或理论综述，而是执着于探究最底层的运行机制和更深层次的哲学基础。阅读过程中，我经常会产生一种“原来如此”的顿悟感，但这种顿悟往往伴随着对既有认知的颠覆。它挑战了许多我过去习以为常的观念，迫使我从一个全新的、或许有些反直觉的角度去重新审视问题。这种强烈的冲击感和启发性，让我感觉自己像是在攀登一座知识的高峰，每向上一步，视野就开阔一分，但每一步都充满了挑战和必要的艰辛。对于渴望真正思想突破的读者来说，这本书提供的思辨养分是极其丰沛和纯粹的。