內容簡介
The present greatly enlarged version was mainly written during a sabbatical at the university of Uppsala during 2000. The aim of the book is to present a largely phenomenological introduction to the field of solid state magnetism at a relatively elementary level. The two basic concepts of magnetism in solids namely the localized and the delocalized description are presented as the extreme approaches. The true nature of magnetism lies, as often in life, somewhere in between, sometimes showing a tendency towards the more localized side, sometimes tending to the delocalized side. It is perhaps this mixing of concepts which makes magnetism appear complicated and difficult. Another source of confusion is the different language used by theoreticians and experimentalists. I have tried very hard to clarify these rather more semantic problems and to use a uniform nomenclature throughout the book. It is my belief and my experience that the approach presented here provides a useful introduction not only for the physicist, but also for the interested reader coming from fields like chenustry, electrical engineering or even geo-sciences. The mathematical concepts used are kept rather simple and hardly ever go beyond an undergraduate course in mathematics for physicists, chemists or engineering. Since the book emerged from a lecture course I have given at Vienna University of Technology for the last 15 years, the chapters in the book are not completely self-contained.The first-time reader is thus advised to read the chapters in the sequence that they appear in the book. It is my sincere hope that after having read this book the reader will agree that for once the Encyclopedia Brittanica is in error when it states Few subjects in, science are m,ore difficult to un,derstan,than magn.etism, (Encyclopedia Brittanica, 15th edition 1989).
The present book does not attempt to cover the whole field of solid state magnetism, but tries to provide an overview by selecting special topics. The idea is to create an interest in this fascinating field in which quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and computer simulations join forces to explain "Magnetism in the Solid State".
內頁插圖
精彩書評
Since this book has been so well received by the scientific community that the first printing has been sold within three years, I was asked 'oy the publishers to produce an updated version for a second printing. I am grateful to all colleagues (mainly students) who reported typos, ambiguous or unclear formulations etc. I considered all of them seriously and thus made a number of changes, which I hope will improve the text.
——Peter Mohn
目錄
1. A Historical Introduction
2. Consequences ofFermi Statistics
2.1 Quantum Statistics of Fermions
2.2 Free Energy of the Fermi Gas
3. Paramagnetism
4. Energy Bands in the Crystal
5. Experimental Basis of Ferromagnetism
5.1 Nickel Alloys
5.2 Iron Alloys
5.3 Palladium Alloys
5.4 Iron-Nickel Alloys
5.5 Effects of Strong Magnetic Fields
5.6 Effects of High Pressure
5.7 Effects of Finite Temperature
5.8 Susceptibility above Tc
5.8.1 Susceptibility of “Classical Spins”
5.9 Critical. Exponents
5.10 Neutron Diffraction
5.11 Further Experimental Methods
6. Weiss Molecular Field Model
6.1 Rhodes-Wohlfarth Plot
7. Heisenberg Model
7.1 Magnon Operators
7.2 Heisenberg Hamiltonian in Magnon Variables
7.3 Magnon Dispersion Relation
7.3.1 Specific Heat of Magnons
7.3.2 Ordering Temperature
7.4 Approximations for the Heisenberg Model
7.4.1 Ising Model
7.4.2 XY Model
7.4.3 Mean Field Solutions of the Heisenberg Model
8. Itinerant Electrons at O K
8.1 Pauli Susceptibility of the Itinerant Electrons
8.2 Susceptibility of the Interacting Itinerant Electrons
8.3 Non linear Effects
8.4 Effects of IIigh Fields at O K
8.4.1 Non-magnetic Limit
8.4.2 Strong Ferromagnets
8.4.3 Weak Ferromagnets
8.4.4 bcc Iron and hcp Cobalt
8.4.5 Extremely High Fields
8.4.6 Metamagnetism
8.5 Susceptibility of Paramagnetic Alloys
9. Band Gap Theory of Strong Ferromagnetism
9.1 Magnetism of Alloys
10. Magnetism and the Crystal Structure——Covalent Magnetism
10.1 Crystal Structure of Mn,Fe,Co,and Ni
10.2 Covalent Magnetism
10.3 Covalent Polarization
11. Magnetic Impurities in an Electron Gas
11.1 Impurity Potential in the Jellium
11.2 Strong Perturbations in the Jellium
11.3 Layer and Line Defects
11.4 Magnetic Impurities and Oscillations of the Magnetization
12. Itinerant Electrons at T〉O: A Historical Survey
12.1 Excitations at Low Temperatures
12.1.1 Strongly Ferromagnetic Systems
12.1.2 Weakly Ferromagnetic Systems
12.2 Stoner Theory for a Rectangular Band
12.3 Weak Excitations with ζ〈〈1
13. Hubbard Model
13.1 Beyond Hartree-Fock
14. Landau Theory for the Stoner Model
14.1 General Considerations
14.2 Application to the Stoner Model
15. Coupling Between Itinerant and Localized Moments
16. Origin of the Molecular Field
16.1 Heitler-London Theory for the Exchange Field
16.1.1 Magnetism of a Spin Cluster
16.1.2 Spinwaves for Localized Electrons
17. Exchange and Correlation in Metals
17.1 Free Electron Gas
17.2 Tightly Bound Electrons
18. Spin Fluctuations
18.1 Fluctuations of a Thermodynamical Variable
18.2 Fluctuations of the Magnetic Moment
18.3 Specific Heat of the Spin Fluctuations
18.4 Magneto-Volume Coupling
18.5 Applications of the Spin Fluctuation Model
18.6 Comparing the Spin-Fluctuation and the Stoner-Model
19. Single Particle Excitations Versus Spin Waves
20. Landau-Ginzburg Model for Spin Fluctuations
21. Conclusion and Lookout
A. Appendices
A. Convexity Property of the Free Energy
B. Derivation of the Coefficient a in (3.17)
C. Quenching of the Orbital Momentum
D. Properties of “Classical” Spins
E. Derivation of the Constant c in (8.24)
F. Ornstein-Zernicke Extension
G. Bogoliubov-Peierls-Feynman Inequality
H. The Factor 2 in Equation (7.27)
I. Hund‘s Rules
J. Polynomial Coefficients in (18.12)
K. Conversion Between Magnetic Units
References
Index
前言/序言
好的,這是一份關於一本假想圖書的詳細簡介,該書的主題與《固態磁性導論》無關,並且力求展現齣專業的學術風格。 --- 圖書名稱: 《古希臘城邦的社會結構與政治演變:從荷馬時代到希臘化時期》 作者: [請在此處填入一位虛構的、資深的曆史學傢姓名] 齣版社: [請在此處填入一傢虛構的知名大學齣版社或專業學術齣版社名稱] ISBN: [虛構的ISBN] 定價: [虛構的定價] --- 內容簡介 《古希臘城邦的社會結構與政治演變:從荷馬時代到希臘化時期》是一部深度剖析古希臘文明核心——城邦(Polis)——形成、發展、轉型及其內在社會動力學的專著。本書超越瞭對經典政治體製(如雅典民主或斯巴達寡頭製)的傳統描述,旨在構建一個多維度、動態演化的城邦社會圖景。 本書的核心論點在於,城邦的政治結構並非孤立存在,而是根植於其特定的社會經濟基礎、地理環境、以及不同社會群體間的復雜互動關係之中。從青銅時代晚期的社會碎片到亞曆山大大帝時代後的帝國格局,本書係統梳理瞭城邦社會從部落聯盟嚮成熟政治實體的轉變過程,並深入探討瞭這一演變過程中伴隨的階級矛盾、公民身份的界定、以及意識形態的構建。 第一部分:起源與奠基(荷馬時代至早規時期) 本部分著重考察瞭城邦的史前基礎。通過對荷馬史詩文本的細緻解讀,結閤考古學證據,本書重構瞭早期希臘社會的“傢”(Oikos)與“部落”(Phylē)結構。我們分析瞭王權(Basileus)的衰落與貴族(Aristoi)階層的崛起,探討瞭土地所有權在社會權力分配中的決定性作用。關鍵議題包括:債務奴隸製的萌芽、土地的私有化進程,以及早期法律的口頭傳統對社會秩序的影響。作者強調,這一時期的社會流動性極低,貴族特權在很大程度上是基於血緣和對稀缺資源的控製。 第二部分:古典城邦的結構性張力(古典早期至古典盛期) 進入城邦時代的成熟階段,社會結構齣現瞭劇烈的內部張力。本書詳細剖析瞭不同城邦在解決內部矛盾方麵的策略差異: 1. 公民身份的排他性構建: 重點分析瞭公民權如何從軍事和土地占有者(Hoplite)的階層中逐漸分離齣來,以及“自由人”與非公民(如婦女、外邦人 Metoikoi 和奴隸)之間的界限是如何被法律和習俗所固化和強化的。 2. 經濟基礎的轉型: 隨著商業航海的發展和鑄幣技術的普及,以農業為基礎的舊貴族權力受到挑戰。本書深入考察瞭手工業者和商人階層(Demos)的興起對傳統政治平衡的顛覆作用。 3. 意識形態的工具化: 在雅典,民主製度被視為一種維護新精英利益、平衡階級衝突的工具;而在斯巴達,嚴格的等級製度(如希洛人 Helotes 的製度化剝削)則被內化為維護國傢軍事機器的必要條件。本書比較瞭這兩種截然不同的社會控製機製的有效性與局限性。 第三部分:危機與轉型(伯羅奔尼撒戰爭至希臘化時期) 本書的後半部分聚焦於城邦製度的內在衰退與外部衝擊。伯羅奔尼撒戰爭不僅是軍事衝突,更是城邦內部意識形態和經濟模式的全麵崩潰。作者論證瞭戰爭如何加速瞭中等階層的瓦解,加劇瞭奴隸和自由民之間的對立。 隨著馬其頓勢力的崛起,城邦的政治自主性被削弱。本書最後探討瞭希臘化時期,城邦社會結構如何適應於一個更廣闊的、由君主製統治的帝國體係。傳統基於地域和血緣的公民共同體概念逐漸讓位於一種基於個人身份(Cosmopolitanism)和效忠(Patronage)的新型社會網絡。奴隸製度的規模空前擴大,而新興的“公民”概念則更多地與城市生活和受教育程度相關,而非嚴格的政治參與權。 研究方法與特色 本書綜閤運用瞭社會史、經濟史、以及文本批判學的方法。作者不僅依賴於修昔底德、柏拉圖、亞裏士多德等經典文本,更廣泛地采納瞭銘文檔案、陶片放逐法記錄、以及齣土的墓葬和財富分配證據,力求描繪一幅超越精英政治視角的、更具社會深度和物質基礎的古希臘圖景。 目標讀者 本書適閤於曆史學、古典學、政治學及社會學領域的高年級本科生、研究生以及專業研究人員。它也為對西方文明奠基階段的社會組織形態感興趣的嚴肅讀者提供瞭深入的學術指南。 --- (總字數:約1500字)