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经济巨人的理性之作，一读就令你恍然大悟的体系之书

亚当斯密的《国富论》，原名直译为《诸国民之富的性质及其原因之研究》。自一七七六年出版以来，全世界的学术界，都曾赫然为所惊动。甚至于各国的支配者们，都相率奉之为圭臬。世界上每个大的或小的经济学家，都曾直挡或间接受其影响。对之推崇到无可进一步推崇，甚至于自命为斯密信徒的人们，亦会从中取出几个章句来批评；反之，对之批评到无可进一步批评，甚至于公然反对斯密主义的人们，亦莫不从中采纳几种意见，作为自己的根本思想。
现代经济学之父亚当·斯密的惊世之作
伟大的经济学经典著作
经济学诞生的奠基之作
西方经济学的“圣经”
经济学的百科全书
《国富论》与《圣经》、《资本论》同为人类不朽的智慧宝典。

  内容简介 《国富论》经过五年写作、三年修改，于1776年正式与读者见面。当时正值资本主义发展初期，该书及时地总结了近代初期各国资本主义发展的经验，批判地吸收了当时的重要经济理论，提出了一套系统全面的经济学说。从作为国富基础的劳动，到提高劳动生产力的分工，再到分工带来的交换，交换带来的媒介——货币，再到商品的价格，以及构成价格的基本要素——工资、地租和利润，文中都有详细精辟的论述。该书反对政府干涉商业和自由市场，提倡降低关税和自由贸易，奠定了资本主义自由经济的理论基础，至今在世界上仍有着广泛的影响。 作者简介 亚当·斯密，18世纪英国著名的经济学家和伦理学家。1723年出生于苏格兰法夫郡(County Fife)的寇克卡迪(Kirkcaldy)。1723-1740年间，亚当·斯密在家乡苏格兰求学，在格拉斯哥大学(University of Glasgow)完成拉丁语、希腊语、数学和伦理学等课程；1737年进入格拉斯哥大学学习哲学。 1740-1746年间，赴牛津大学(Colleges at Oxford)求学，但在牛津并未获得良好的教育，唯一收获是大量阅读许多格拉斯哥大学缺乏的书籍。1750-1764年在格拉斯哥大学任教授。还兼负责学校行政事务。这一时期，亚当·斯密于1759年出版的《道德情操论》获得学术界极高评价。而后于1768年开始着手著述《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》(简称《国富论》)。1773年时认为《国富论》己基本完成，但亚当·斯密多花三年时间润饰此书，1776年3月此书出版后引起大众广泛的讨论。影响所及除了英国本地。连欧洲大陆和美洲也为之疯狂。因此世人尊称亚当·斯密为“现代经济学之父”和“自由企业的守护神”。1778-1790年间亚当·斯密与母亲和阿姨在爱丁堡定居，1787年被选为格拉斯哥大学荣誉校长，也被任命为苏格兰的海关和盐税专员。1784年斯密出席格拉斯哥大学校长任命仪式，因亚当·斯密之母于1785年5月去世所以迟未上任。1787年他才担任校长职位至1789年。亚当斯密在去世前将自己的手稿全数销毁，于1790年7月17日与世长辞。享年67岁。 免费在线读 CHAPTER I
OF THE DIVISION OF LABOUR
The greatest improvement in the productive powers of labour, and the greater part of the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which it is any where directed, or applied, seem to have been the effects of the division of labour.
The effects of the division of labour, in the general business of society, will be more easily understood, by considering in what manner it operates in some particular manufactures. It is commonly supposed to be carried furthest in some very trifling ones; not perhaps that it really is carried further in them than in others of more importance: but in those trifling manufactures which are destined to supply the small wants of but a small number of people, the whole number of workmen must necessarily be small; and those employed in every different branch of the work can often be collected into the same workhouse, and placed at once under the view of the spectator. In those great manufactures, on the contrary, which are destined to supply the great wants of the great body of the people, every different branch of the work employs so great a number of workmen, that it is impossible to collect them all into the same workhouse. We can seldom see more, at one time, than those employed in one single branch. Though in such manufactures, therefore, the work may really be divided into a much greater number of parts, than in those of a more trifling nature, the division is not near so obvious, and has accordingly been much less observed.
To take an example, therefore, from a very trifling manufacture; but one in which the division of labour has been very often taken notice of, the trade of the pin-maker; a workman not educated to this business (which the division of labour has rendered a distinct trade), nor acquainted with the use of the machinery employed in it (to the invention of which the same division of labour has probably given occasion), could scarce, perhaps, with his utmost industry, make one pin in a day, and certainly could not make twenty. But in the way in which this business is now carried on, not only the whole work is a peculiar trade, but it is divided into a number of branches, of which the greater part are likewise peculiar trades. One man draws out the wire, another straights it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, a fifth grinds it at the top for receiving the head; to make the head requires two or three distinct operations; to put it on, is a peculiar business, to whiten the pins is another; it is even a trade by itself to put them into the paper; and the important business of making a pin is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations, which, in some manufactories, are all performed by distinct hands, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them. I have seen a small manufactory of this kind where ten men only were employed, and where some of them consequently performed two or three distinct operations. But though they were very poor, and therefore but indifferently accommodated with the necessary machinery, they could, when they exerted themselves, make among them about twelve pounds of pins in a day. There are in a pound upwards of four thousand pins of a middling size. Those ten persons, therefore, could make among them upwards of forty-eight thousand pins in a day. Each person, therefore, making a tenth part of forty-eight thousand pins, might be considered as making four thousand eight hundred pins in a day. But if they had all wrought separately and independently, and without any of them having been educated to this peculiar business, they certainly could not each of them have made twenty, perhaps not one pin in a day; that is, certainly, not the two hundred and fortieth, perhaps not the four thousand eight hundredth part of what they are at present capable of performing, in consequence of a proper division and combination of their different operations.
In every other art and manufacture, the effects of the division of labour are similar to what they are in this very trifling one; though, in many of them, the labour can neither be so much subdivided, nor reduced to so great a simplicity of operation. The division of labour, however, so far as it can be introduced, occasions, in every art, a proportionable increase of the productive powers of labour. The separation of different trades and employments from one another, seems to have taken place, in consequence of this advantage. This separation too is generally carried furthest in those countries which enjoy the highest degree of industry and improvement; what is the work of one man in a rude state of society, being generally that of several in an improved one. In every improved society, the farmer is generally nothing but a farmer; the manufacturer, nothing but a manufacturer. The labour too which is necessary to produce any one complete manufacture, is almost always divided among a great number of hands. How many different trades are employed in each branch of the linen and woollen manufactures, from the growers of the flax and the wool, to the bleachers and smoothers of the linen, or to the dyers and dressers of the cloth! The nature of agriculture, indeed, does not admit of so many subdivisions of labour, nor of so complete a separation of one business from another, as manufactures. It is impossible to separate so entirely, the business of the grazier from that of the corn-farmer, as the trade of the carpenter is commonly separated from that of the smith. The spinner is almost always a distinct person from the weaver; but the ploughman, the harrower, the sower of the seed, and the reaper of the corn, are often the same. The occasions for those different sorts of labour returning with the different seasons of the year, it is impossib The Wealth of Nation 国富论 进口英文原版 亚当斯密经济巨人的理性之作 电子书 下载 mobi epub pdf txt

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