费曼费恩曼物理学讲义(第一卷)(第二卷)(第三卷) 全3册 英文版
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内容简介 Feynmanetal,TheesarethelecturesinphysicsthatIgavelastyearandtheyearbeforetothefreshmanandsophomoreclassesatCaltech.Thelecturesare,ofcourse,notverbatim-theyhavebeenedited,sometimesextensivelyandsometimeslessso.Thelecturesformonlypartofthecompletecourese.Thewholegroupof180studentsgatheredinabiglectureroomtwiceaweektoheartheselectresandthentheybrokeupintosmallgroupsof15to20studentsinrecitationsectionsundertheguidanceofateachingassistant.Inaddition,therewasalaboratorysessiononceaweek.
此书为英文版。
作者简介 Feynman et al,Thees are the lectures in physics that I gave last year and the year before to the freshman and sophomore classes at Caltech.The lectures are,of course,not verbatim-they have been edited,sometimes extensively and sometimes lessso.The lecture
目 录 CHAPTER1.ATOMS IN MOTION.
CHAPTER2.BASIC PHYSICS
CHAPTER3.THE RELATION OF PHYSICS TO OTHER SCIENCES
CHAPTER4.CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
CHAPTER5.TIME AND DISTANCE
CHAFFER6.PROBABILITY
CHAPTER7.THE THEORY OF GRAVITATION
CHAPTER8.MOTION
CHAPTER9.NEWTON'S LAWS OF DYNAMICS
CHAPTER10.CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
CHAPTER11.VECTORS
CHAPTER12.CHARACTERISTICS OF FORCE
CHAPTER13.WORK AND POTENTIAL ENERGY(A)
CHAPTER14.WORK AND POTENTIAL ENERGY(conclusion)
CHAPTER15.THE SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY
CHAPTER16.RELATIVISTIC ENERGY AND MOMENTUM
CHAPTER17.SPACE-TIME
CHAPTER18.ROTATION IN Two DIMENSIONS
CHAPTER19.CENTER OF MASS;MOMENT OF INERTIA
CHAPTER20.ROTATION IN SPACE
CHAPTER21.THE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR
CHAPTER22.ALGEaRA
CHAPTER23.RESONANCE
CHAPTER24.TRANSIENTS
……
内容简介 For some forty years Richard P. Feynman focussed his curiosity on the mysterious workings of the physical world, and bent his intellect to searching out the order in its chaos. Now, he has given two years of his ability and his energy to his Lectures on Physics for beginning students. For them he has distilled the essence of his knowledge, and has created in terms they can hope to grasp a picture of the physicist's universe. To his lectures he has brought the brilliance and clarity of his thought, the originality and vitality of his approach, and the contagious enthusiasm of his delivery. It was a joy to behold. . The first year's lectures formed the basis for the first volume of this set of books. We have tried in this the second volume to make some kind of a record of a part of the second year's lectures--which were given to the sophomore class during the 1962-1963 academic year. The rest of the second year's lectures will make up Volume III.
目 录 CHAPTER 1. ELECTROMAGNETISM
CHAPTER 2. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF VECTOR FIELDS
CHAPTER 3. VECTOR INTEGRAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER 4. EKECTRISTATUCS
CHAPTER 5. APPLICATION OF GAUSS'LAW
CHAPTER 6. THE ELECTRIC FIELD IN VARIOUS CIRCUMSTANCES
CHAPTER 7. THE ELECTRIC FIELD IN VARIOUS CIRCUMSTANCES(Continued)
CHAPTER 8. ELECTROSTATIC ENERGY
CHAPTER 9. ELECTRICITY IN THE ATMOSPHERE
CHAPTER 10. DIELECTRICS
CHAPTER 11. INSIDE DIELECTRICS
CHAPTER 12. ELECTROSTATIC ANALOGS
CHAPTER 13. MAGNETOSTATICS
CHAPTER 14. THE MAGNETIC FIELD IN VARIOUS
CHAPTER 15. THE VECTOR POTENTIAL
CHAPTER 16. INDUCED CURRENTS
CHAPTER 17. THE LAWS OF INDUCTION
CHAPTER 18. THE MAXWELL EQUATIONS
CHAPTER 19. THE PRINCIPLE OF LEAST ACTION
CHAPTER 20. SOLUTIONS OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS IN FREE SPACE
CHAPTER 21. SOLUTIONS OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS WITH CURRENTS AND CHAGES
CHAPTER 22. AC CIRCUITS
CHAPTER 23. CAVITY RESONATORS
……
内容简介 Agreattriumphoftwentieth-centuryphysics,thetheoryofquantummechanics,isnownearly40yearsold,yetwehavegenerallybeengivingourstudentstheirintroductorycourseinphysics(formanystudents,theirlast)withhardlymorethanacasualallusiontothiscentralpartofourknowledgeofthephysicalworld.Weshoulddobetterbythem.Theselecturesareanattempttopresentthemwiththebasicandessentialideasofthequantummechanicsinawaythatwould,hopefully,becomprehensible.Theapproachyouwillfindhereisnovel,particularlyatthelevelofasophomorecourse,andwasconsideredverymuchanexperiment.Afterseeinghoweasilysomeofthestudentstaketoit,however,Ibelievethattheexperimentwasasuccess.Thereis,ofcourse,roomforimprovement,anditwillcomewithmoreexperienceintheclassroom.Whatyouwillfindhereisarecordofthatfirstexperiment..
Inthetwo-yearsequenceoftheFeynmanLecturesonPhysicswhichweregivenfromSeptember1961throughMay1963fortheintroductoryphysicscourseatCaltech,theconceptsofquantumphysicswerebroughtinwhenevertheywerenecessaryforanunderstandingofthephenomenabeingdescribed.Inaddition,thelasttwelvelecturesofthesecondyearweregivenovertoamorecoherentintroductiontosomeoftheconceptsofquantummechanics.Itbecameclearasthelecturesdrewtoaclose,however,thatnotenoughtimehadbeenleftforthequantummechanics.Asthematerialwasprepared,itwascontinuallydiscoveredthatotherimportantandinterestingtopicscouldbetreatedwiththeelementarytoolsthathadbeendeveloped.TherewasalsoafearthatthetoobrieftreatmentoftheSchrodingerwavefunctionwhichhadbeenincludedinthetwelfthlecturewouldnotprovideasufficientbridgetothemoreconventionaltreatmentsofmanybooksthestudentsmighthopetoread.Itwasthereforedecidedtoextendtheserieswithsevenadditionallectures;theyweregiventothesophomoreclassinMayof1964.Theselecturesroundedoutandextendedsomewhatthematerialdevelopedintheearlierlectures. 作者简介 Feynman et al,Thees are the lectures in physics that I gave last year and the year before to the freshman and sophomore classes at Caltech.The lectures are,of course,not verbatim-they have been edited,sometimes extensively and sometimes lessso.The lecture
目 录 CHAPTER1.QUANTUM BEHAVIOR.
CHAPTER2.THE RELATION OF WAVE AND PARTICLE VIEWPOINTS
CHAPTER3.PROBABILITY AMPLITUDES
CHAPTER4.IDENTICAL PARTICLES
CHAPTER5.SPI NONE
CHAPTER6.SPIN ONE-HtLF
CHAPTER7.THE DEPENDENCE OFAMPLITUDES ON TIME
CHAPTER8.THE HnMILTONIAN MATRIX
CHAPTER9.THE AMMONIA MASER
CHAPTER10.OTHER TwO-STATE SYSTEMS
CHAPTER11.MoPE TwO-STATE SYSTEMS
CHAPTER12.THE HYPERFINE SPLITTING IN HYDROGEN
CHAPTER13.PROPAGATION IN A CRYSTAL LATTICE
CHAPTER14.SEMICONDUCTORS
CHAPTER15.THE INDEPENDENT PARTICLE APPROXIMATION
CHAPTER16.THE DEPENDENCE OF AMPLITUDES ON POSITION
CHAPTER17.SYMMETRY AND CONSERVATION LAWS
CHAPTER18.ANGULAR MOMENTUM
CHAPTER19.THE HYDROGEN ATOM AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
CHAPTER20.OPERATORS
CHAPTER21.THE SCHRtDINGER EQUATION IN A CLASSICAL CONTEXT:A SEMINARONSUPERCONDUCTIVITY
FEYNMAN'SEPILOGUE
APPENDIX
INDEX
经典物理学前沿探索与现代视角 一部旨在拓展物理学视野,深入剖析经典理论精髓,并引入现代物理学最新进展的权威著作。 本书集结了多位在各自领域享有盛誉的物理学家和教育家的智慧结晶,旨在为本科生、研究生乃至专业研究人员提供一套全面、深入且富有洞察力的物理学学习资源。它超越了传统教材的范畴,不仅细致梳理了自牛顿时代以来奠定现代物理学基础的经典理论,更将其置于当代科学发现的宏大背景之下进行审视与探讨。全书结构严谨,内容涵盖面极广,力求在保持物理学严谨性的同时,激发读者的探索热情。 第一部分:力学与时空结构的新理解 (Mechanics and New Understandings of Spacetime) 本部分着重于对经典力学进行一次深刻的“返璞归真”式的重构,并逐步导向对时空本质的现代认识。 1. 运动学的精细分析与高级坐标系的应用: 我们从对基础运动学的回顾开始,但迅速深入到更抽象和强大的数学工具。详细阐述了拉格朗日(Lagrangian)和哈密顿(Hamiltonian)力学的建立过程,这不仅是解决复杂系统动力学问题的利器,更是通往量子力学和场论的必经之路。我们将详尽分析变分原理在物理学中的普适性,以及如何利用正则变换(Canonical Transformations)来简化复杂的哈密顿量。对于约束系统的处理,特别是使用拉格朗日乘子法和推广的约束条件,进行了细致的几何化描述。 2. 刚体动力学与欧拉角分解的深层意义: 刚体运动的分析被提升到三维旋转群(SO(3))的视角进行审视。欧拉角固然实用,但本书更强调其固有的奇异性(Gimbal Lock)及其对物理图像的潜在误导。我们引入了四元数(Quaternions)和旋转张量,用以提供更光滑、更一致的旋转描述。惯性张量(Inertia Tensor)的特征值和特征向量的物理意义被深入挖掘,特别是在描述进动(Precession)和章动(Nutation)等现象时,其内在的对称性得到了充分体现。 3. 经典场论的萌芽:引力与相对性初探: 在经典力学的框架内,本书对牛顿万有引力定律进行了系统的回顾。然而,我们并未止步于此,而是着重探讨了开普勒定律和牛顿定律在描述天体运动时所暴露出的局限性,这自然地引出了狭义相对论的必然性。狭义相对论的介绍将严格基于洛伦兹变换(Lorentz Transformations)的群论结构,而非仅仅是光速不变的假设。四维时空(Minkowski Spacetime)的几何结构被清晰地构建出来,包括世界线、世界面以及光锥的概念,这些概念是理解现代时空观的基石。相对论动量和能量的结合,以及质能等价性 $( ext{E}= ext{mc}^2)$ 的严格推导,都为后续的粒子物理学打下了坚实的基础。 第二部分:电磁学:统一的场论与波的本质 (Electromagnetism: Unified Field Theory and the Nature of Waves) 本部分致力于对麦克斯韦方程组的彻底解析,强调其作为统一电磁现象的内在美感和逻辑完备性。 1. 静电学与介质中的场: 从库仑定律出发,本书详细分析了电势和场强,并引入了泊松方程和拉普拉斯方程。在处理边界值问题时,我们侧重于使用分离变量法、格林函数法以及共形映射等高级数学技巧来求解复杂的几何构型。对于介质中的静电学,介电化极、电极化强度 $mathbf{P}$ 和电位移场 $mathbf{D}$ 的微观起源被深入讨论,强调了宏观描述与微观分子层面的联系。 2. 稳恒电流与磁场的精细结构: 毕奥-萨伐尔定律和安培环路定理被系统地推导和应用。重点关注了磁矢量势 $mathbf{A}$ 的引入,这不仅简化了磁场的计算,更在量子力学中扮演了至关重要的角色(Aharonov-Bohm效应的理论先驱)。对于磁介质,磁化强度 $mathbf{M}$ 和磁场强度 $mathbf{H}$ 的关系,以及抗磁性、顺磁性和铁磁性的物理机制被清晰阐述。 3. 麦克斯韦方程组的完成与电磁波的预言: 本书的核心之一是对麦克斯韦方程组的建立过程的细致重构,特别是引入安培定律中的“位移电流”项,这一天才的洞察如何统一了电现象和磁现象,并预言了电磁波的存在。我们深入分析了自由空间中均匀平面波的性质,包括波的相速度、群速度、能流密度(坡印亭矢量 $mathbf{S}$)的物理意义,以及电磁波的偏振态(线偏振、圆偏振、椭圆偏振)的矢量表示。 4. 电磁场与狭义相对论的必然联系: 电磁场张量 $F_{mu
u}$ 的引入,是展示电磁学与狭义相对论内在统一性的最有力工具。本书清晰展示了洛伦兹变换如何将电场和磁场进行“混合”,证明了电场和磁场并非独立的概念,而是同一电磁场的不同观察者视角下的表现。通过相对论的框架,我们重新审视了磁场对运动电荷的作用力,并从基本原理上导出了洛伦兹力定律。 第三部分:热力学与统计物理学的桥梁 (Thermodynamics and the Bridge to Statistical Physics) 本部分旨在巩固经典热力学的基础,并利用统计力学的方法,从微观粒子的行为推导出宏观的热力学定律。 1. 热力学定律的严谨表述与应用: 我们首先对热力学三大定律(零定律、第一定律、第二定律)进行了严格的数学和逻辑构建。重点讨论了熵(Entropy)的物理意义,并从卡诺循环、克劳修斯不等式等角度对其不可逆性进行了深入论证。热力学状态函数(内能 $U$、焓 $H$、吉布斯自由能 $G$、亥姆霍兹自由能 $F$)之间的麦克斯韦关系式的推导及其在化学平衡和相变分析中的应用被详细介绍。 2. 统计力学的基石:系综理论: 统计物理学的引入,通过构建微观模型来解释宏观热力学现象。详细介绍了微正则系综、正则系综和巨正则系综的构建原理。核心在于阐明概率分布(如玻尔兹曼分布)如何从微观的统计假设中自然产生。我们严格推导了从配分函数(Partition Function)到所有宏观热力学量的关系,展示了统计力学作为连接微观与宏观世界的桥梁作用。 3. 理想气体与分子动理论的深入: 分子动理论被用来解释气体宏观性质的微观根源。重点分析了分子速度的统计分布(麦克斯韦-玻尔兹曼分布)及其对气体压强、内能和比热的贡献。气体输运现象(如扩散、热传导和粘滞性)的理论分析,将统计速率的概念与宏观输运系数联系起来,展示了理论的解释力和预测力。 4. 经典系统中的量子前兆 (Precursors to Quantum Systems): 在经典统计力学的范畴内,本书探讨了黑体辐射(普朗克对能量量子化的初步引入)、气体比热的低温失效(爱因斯坦和德拜模型的对比)等历史性问题。这些问题被用作论证经典统计力学在处理极端条件下的局限性,从而自然地为量子统计(费米-狄拉克统计和玻色-爱因斯坦统计)的引入做好铺垫,尽管这些内容在后续的量子力学卷中会得到更详尽的处理,但在此处作为经典理论的终结,具有重要的历史和逻辑意义。 全书风格严谨、逻辑清晰,力求在覆盖核心知识点的同时,培养读者进行抽象思维和理论建模的能力,为进一步探索现代物理学的广阔天地奠定坚实的基础。