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professional English in Use Medicine contains 60 units covering a wide variety of medical vocabulary. Topics include diseases and symptoms, investigations, treatment, examining, and prevention. The book also introduces general medical vocabulary related to parts and tuncions of the body, medical and para medical personnel, education and training, research, and presentations. Primarily designed as a self study reference and practice book, it can also be used for classroom work and one [o one lessons and is suitable for intermediate and upper intermediate studuents
Protessional English in Use Medicine has been carefully researched using the Institute for Applied Language Studies medical corpus, as well as authentic texts, document sand cases 60 easy-to-use units: vocabulary items are presented and explained in context on left-hand pages with a range of practice exercises on right-hand pages. A focus on functional language, such as taking a history and examining, gives learners the confidence and ability to function in English in a medical environment."Over to you sections allow learners to apply the vocabulary they have learned in the unit to their own working lives.Includes a comprehensive, learner-friendly answer key and index.
Protessional English in Use Medicine is a must for medical practitioners who need to use English at work or for study, either in their own country or abroad.
內容簡介
《劍橋醫學英語》是為學習醫學且具有中高級英文水平的學習者設計的,它提供的醫學專業英語,有助於提高學習者對醫學期刊、書籍的閱讀水平,幫助醫學工作者或學生參加醫學國際會議,或到講英語的國傢作短期海外實習。此書可作為自學的學習資料,也可以作為課堂教學的課本,既可一對一來學習還可以學習小組的形式來學習。
《劍橋醫學英語》由60個雙頁主題單元組成,前46個主題涵蓋瞭醫學領域的方方麵麵,從健康、疾病到調查研究。其餘的14個單元側重於介紹有關醫學的溝通技能。
每一個單元的左手邊頁,詳細地解釋瞭關鍵詞和錶達方式;右手邊頁上的一係列練習則會幫助學習者檢查和進一步理解所學到的知識。
書的後麵附有練習答案和附錄。
《劍橋醫學英語》有特色的地方是每一單元都設計有“請你參與”部分。這為每一位學習者提供瞭情景模擬的機會,可以將學習到的新詞匯和錶達法用到自己相關的醫學專業領域中去,因而對新知識可以更好地消化和吸收。
內頁插圖
目錄
INTRODUCTION
BASICS
1 Health and illness
A Asking about health
B Sickness
C Recovery
2 Parts of the body 1
A Parts of the body
B Referring to parts of the body
C Describing radiation of pain
3 Parts of the body 2
A The abdomen
B The chest
C The pelvis
4 Functions of the body
A Eating
B The five senses
C Other functions
D Less common functions
MEDICAL AND PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL AND PLACES
5 Medical practitioners 1
A Practitioners
B Specialties
C Choosing a specialty
6 Medical practitioners 2
A Hospital staff
B Medical teams
C Shifts
7 Nurses
A Nursing grades
B Support workers
C Specialization
D The nurses role
8 Allied health professionals
A Community health
B Technicians
C Prosthetists and orthotists
D Opticians
9 Hospitals
A Introduction to a hospital
B Outpatients
C Inpatients
10 Primary care
A The National Health Service
B The practice team
C A GPs day
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
11 Medical education 1
A Medical education in the UK
B Extract from an undergraduate prospectus
C A students view
12 Medical education 2
A The Foundation Programme
B People in medical education
C Medical qualifications
13 The overseas doctor
A Types of registration
B PLAB
C PLAB stations and advice
SYSTEMS, DISEASES AND SYMPTOMS
14 Symptoms and signs
A Describing problems
B Presentation
C Talking about symptoms
15 Blood
A Full blood count
B Anaemia
C Pernicious anaemia
16 Bones
A Bones
B Fractures
C Treatment of fractures
17 Childhood
A Milestones
B Common infectious diseases
C Coeliac disease
18 The endocrine system
A Excess and deficiency
B Negative feedback systems
C Goitre
D A letter of referral
19 The eye
A Parts of the eye
B Examination of the eye
C Retinopathy
20 The gastrointestinal system
A Examination of the abdomen
B The faeces
21 Gynaecology
A The female reproductive system
B Menstruation
C A gynaecological consultation
D Contraception
22 The heart and circulation 1
A Shortness of breath
B Heart rhythm
C Heart failure
23 The heart and circulation 2
A Physical examination
B Examining the heart and circulation
24 Infections
A Fever
B Microorganisms
C Source and spread of infection
25 Mental illness
A Psychiatric disorders
B Substance abuse
C Affective disorders
D Neurotic and stress-related disorders
E Other types of functional disorder
26 The nervous system 1
A Sensory loss
B Motor loss
C Loss of consciousness
27 The nervous system 2
A The motor system
B Tendon reflexes
C Coma
28 Oncology
A Neoplasms
B Symptoms and signs of malignancy
C Treatment of tumours
29 Pregnalacy and childbirth
A Childbirth
B Labour
C Presentation and lie
30 The respiratory system
A Cough
B Auscultation
31 The skin 1
A Some types of skin lesion
B Rashes
32 The skin
A Injuries to the skin
B Case report
C Sores
33 The urinary system
A Urinary symptoms
B Urinalysis
INVESTIGATIONS
34 Basic investigations
A Ophthalmoscopy
B Blood pressure
C Taking blood
35 Laboratory tests
A A Microbiology test request form
B A Biochemistry and Haematology lab report
C Terms used to describe lab results
36 Endoscopy
A Functions of endoscopy
B Enteroscopy
C Report of a diagnostic endoscopy
37 X-ray and CT
A Radiography and radiology
B X-ray examination
C Computed Tomography
38 MRI and ultrasound
A Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
B Ultrasound
C Preparing for medical imaging
D Describing medical imaging
39 ECG
A Uses of an ECG
B ECG procedure
C A normal ECG
TREATMENT
40 Medical treatment
A Prescriptions and drugs
B The British National Formulary
41 Surgical treatment
A The operating theatre
B Instruments
C The operation
D An operation report
42 Therapies
A Radiotherapy and chemotherapy
B A day in the life of a physiotherapist
C Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
PREVENTION
43 Screening and immunization
A Screening
B Common screening tests
C Immunization for travellers
EPIDEMIOLOGY
44 Epidemiology
A Rates
B Incidence and prevalence
C Association and causation
ETHICS
45 Medical ethics
A GMC guidelines
B Bioethical issues
C Assisted dying
RESEARCH
46 Research studies
A Case-control studies
B Cohort studies
C Trials
D Variables
TAKING A HISTORY
47 Taking a history 1
A A full case history
B Personal details
C Talking about pain
48 Taking a history 2
A Drug history
B Family history
C Social and personal history
49 Taking a history 3
A Reviewing the systems
B Asking about the central nervous syster
C Patient ideas, concerns and expectation
D Phrasal verbs in history-taking
EXAMINATION
50 Physical examination
A Examining a patient
B Giving instructions
51 Mental state examination
A Some symptoms of psychiatric disorders
B Mood
C Typical questions from a mental state examination
EXPLANATION
52 Explaining diagnosis and management
A Explanations
B Using lay terms in explanations
C An explanation of angina
53 Discussing treatment
A Offering options
B Advising a course of action
C Advising patients to avoid something
D Warnings
54 Giving bad news
A Principles of giving bad news
B A consultant medical oncologists report
PRESENTATIONS
55 Data presentation 1
A Referring to a table or figure
B Comparing variables
C Approximating
56 Data presentation 2
A Line graphs
B Pie charts
C Describing trends
57 Research articles
A The structure of a research article
B Objectives
C Main findings
58 Abstracts
A Structured abstracts
B The BMJ abstract
59 Conference presentations
A The structure of a presentation
B The introduction
C Signalling
D The conclusion
60 Case presentations
A Sections of a case presentation
B Bedside presentation
C Slides
Appendix I
Parts of the body
Appendix Ⅱ
Medical abbreviations
Appendix Ⅲ
Types of medication
Appendix Ⅳ
Symptoms and pain
Appendix Ⅴ
Verbs used in instructions
Appendix Ⅵ
Lay terms and definitions
Answer key
Index
精彩書摘
Hospital staff
The people who work in any type of workplace, including hospitals, are called the staff.
The medical staff in a British hospital belong to one of four main groups:
A pre-registration house officer (PRHO), or house officer, is a newly graduated doctor i the first year of postgraduate training. After a yeaz; he or she becomes a registered medi practitioner. In the current system of training, the Foundation Programme, the name fol these junior doctors is Foundation Year I doctor (FY1). (See Unit 12)
A senior house officer (SHO) is in the second year of postgraduate training. The title is now Foundation Year 2 doctor (FY2), but the old terms senior house officer and SHO are still used.
A specialist registrar (SpR) is a doctor who has completed the Foundation Programme, and is training in one of the medical specialties. There are also some non-training registrdoctors who have completed their training but do not wish to specialize yet.
A consultant is a fully qualified specialist. There may also be some associate specialistssenior doctors who do not wish to become consultants. In addition, there is at least o medical (or clinical) director, who is responsible for all of the medical staff.
Medical teams
Consultant physicians and surgeons are responsible for a specific number of patients in the hospital. Each consultant has a team of junior doctors to help care for those patients. In many hospitals, there are multidisciplinary teams which consist not only of doctors but also of physiotherapists and other allied health professionals (see Unit 8). When patients enter - or are admitted to hospital, they are usually seen first by one of the junior doctors on the ward where they will receive treatment and care. The junior doctor clerks them takes their medical history (see Units 47-49) and examines them. Some time later, the registrar also sees the patients, and may order investigations or tests, for example X-rays or an ECG, make a provisional diagnosis, and begin treatment. The consultant usually sees the new admissions - people who have recently been admitted to the ward for the first time on one of the regular ward rounds, when the management of the patients is discussed with the registrar. Consultants also decide when a patient is ready to be discharged (sent home). On the ward round, the consultant is accompanied by the team and a nurse, and they visit all the patients in the consultants care. Shifts
Junior doctors now normally work in shifts, which means they normally work for eight hours every day, for example 7 am to 3 pm, and are then free until 7 am the next day. After a week they change to a different shift, for example 3 pm to 11 pm or 11 pm to 7 am. The alternative system is to work from 9 am to 5 pm every day and to take turns to be on call available to return to the hospital if necessary - from 5 pm to 9 am the next day. Days on call are set out in a rota, or list of names and times. Doctors on call carry a radio pager, or bleeper, a device which makes a noise when someone is trying to contact them.
前言/序言
《現代臨床醫學前沿:從診斷到治療的係統性綜述》 作者:[此處可填入一個虛構的、具有權威性的專傢姓名或團隊] 齣版社:[此處可填入一個信譽良好的醫學專業齣版社名稱] 書籍簡介 本書旨在為廣大的醫學專業人士、醫學院學生以及在醫療領域工作的研究人員提供一個全麵、深入且緊跟時代步伐的臨床醫學知識體係。在全球醫學飛速發展的背景下,本著作並非簡單地羅列已知事實,而是力求構建一個動態的、注重實踐應用的知識框架,涵蓋從基礎診斷原理到復雜疾病管理策略的各個關鍵環節。 第一部分:診斷科學的精進與整閤 本部分聚焦於現代醫學診斷流程的革新與優化。我們深入探討瞭傳統的臨床體格檢查技術在數字化時代的強化應用,並詳細剖析瞭先進的影像學技術,如高分辨率CT、MRI的功能性應用及其在早期病竈識彆中的優勢。 1.1 生物標誌物的臨床意義與發展趨勢: 我們不僅迴顧瞭傳統血液生化指標的解讀標準,更著重介紹瞭新型蛋白質組學、代謝組學標誌物在疾病風險評估、預後判斷中的突破性進展。特彆關注瞭循環腫瘤DNA(ctDNA)在腫瘤微小殘留病竈監測中的應用潛力。 1.2 精準病理學的深度解析: 傳統組織病理學診斷正嚮分子病理學轉型。本章詳述瞭免疫組織化學染色(IHC)的標準化流程,以及基因測序技術(NGS)如何為診斷提供分子層麵的證據鏈。書中提供瞭大量基於真實病例的圖譜分析,旨在提高讀者對復雜組織形態與分子特徵關聯性的理解。 1.3 臨床決策支持係統(CDSS)的集成: 在海量數據麵前,如何做齣最佳決策成為挑戰。本章探討瞭人工智能和機器學習在輔助診斷中的實際應用案例,重點分析瞭CDSS如何通過整閤患者數據、最新指南和文獻,提供個性化的診斷建議,並討論瞭其實施中的倫理考量。 第二部分:係統性疾病的循證管理 這一核心部分根據人體主要係統劃分,對當前常見和疑難疾病的循證治療路徑進行瞭係統性的梳理和批判性評估。我們強調“循證醫學(EBM)”的實踐,確保所有推薦都基於最高級彆的臨床試驗證據。 2.1 心血管係統疾病的介入與非介入策略: 針對冠狀動脈疾病、心力衰竭和高血壓的管理,本書詳細闡述瞭最新的藥物治療指南,如SGLT2抑製劑和新型降脂藥物的應用時機。在介入治療方麵,對復雜經皮冠狀動脈介入治療(PCI)的技術細節和術後管理進行瞭深入剖析。 2.2 腫瘤學的個體化治療範式: 癌癥治療已進入靶嚮和免疫時代。本部分詳盡介紹瞭各類實體瘤(肺癌、結直腸癌、乳腺癌)的分子分型及其對應的精準靶嚮藥物。免疫檢查點抑製劑(ICI)的應用機製、聯閤治療方案的設計,以及如何預測和管理免疫相關不良事件(irAEs),是本章的重點內容。 2.3 感染與炎癥的精準控製: 隨著抗生素耐藥性成為全球公共衛生危機,本章側重於新型抗生素的選擇原則、窄譜抗生素的優先使用,以及膿毒癥(Sepsis)的早期識彆和“時間就是器官”的復蘇策略。針對新發或再發傳染病(如某些新齣現的呼吸道病毒感染),提供瞭快速反應的臨床處理框架。 2.4 代謝與內分泌失調的長期管理: 糖尿病和肥胖已成為慢性病負擔的主要來源。本書超越瞭單純的血糖控製,探討瞭糖尿病在心血管、腎髒和眼部並發癥的綜閤預防策略,以及多學科協作在減重手術(Bariatric Surgery)後的營養與生活方式乾預中的作用。 第三部分:危重癥醫學與復雜病情處理 本部分麵嚮需要處理急性、威脅生命的病情的臨床醫生,提供瞭高風險情境下的快速反應流程和高級生命支持技術。 3.1 急性呼吸窘迫綜閤徵(ARDS)的機械通氣策略: 詳細闡述瞭容量控製、平颱壓力管理以及新型肺保護性通氣策略(如高PEEP的應用邊界)。對於體外膜氧閤(ECMO)的適應癥、設置流程和脫機標準,提供瞭操作層麵的指導。 3.2 休剋的鑒彆診斷與復蘇: 圍繞低血容量性、心源性、分布性休剋的快速血流動力學評估(如應用脈搏輪廓分析技術),本章強調瞭液體復蘇的個體化而非“一刀切”原則,以及升壓藥和血管活性藥物的動態滴定。 3.3 神經急癥的快速乾預: 針對急性缺血性卒中和顱內齣血,本書重點闡述瞭溶栓和取栓治療的嚴格時間窗要求,以及神經外科急診手術前後的監測要點。 第四部分:患者安全、醫療質量與專業倫理 現代醫學實踐要求醫生不僅技術精湛,更需具備高水平的溝通能力和職業道德。 4.1 醫療差錯的係統性預防: 本章從係統角度分析瞭導緻醫療差錯的常見環節(如藥物傳遞、信息交接),並介紹瞭“根因分析(RCA)”方法,以實現從懲罰文化嚮學習文化的轉變。 4.2 醫患溝通的藝術與科學: 討論瞭如何有效地傳達不良診斷、復雜的治療方案和預後信息,特彆是如何運用“確認與澄清”技巧來確保患者的知情同意是真正意義上的理解。 4.3 醫療倫理與法律前沿: 深入探討瞭生命終末期決策(如安樂死、撤除生命支持)、基因編輯技術的倫理邊界,以及數據隱私保護在電子病曆應用中的法律責任。 總結與展望 《現代臨床醫學前沿》力求成為一本能夠伴隨臨床醫生職業生涯成長的參考書。它不僅提供瞭“做什麼”的指南,更深入探討瞭“為什麼這樣做”背後的科學原理和證據基礎,激勵讀者持續學習,以應對未來醫療健康領域不斷湧現的挑戰。本書的結構清晰、內容嚴謹,配有大量流程圖和對比錶格,是提升臨床思維和決策能力的必備工具書。