內容簡介
Technical aspects of bosonization、A simple case of Bose-Fermi equivalence: Jordan-Wigner、Transformation、One-dimensional fermion States near the Fermi points、Chiral anomaly、Anomalous commutators、Ganssian model. Lagrangian formulation、Bosonization、Interaction with an electromagnetic field; gauge invariance、Conformal symmetry and finite size effects、Gaussian model in the Hamiltonian formulation、Virasoro algebra、Ward identities等等。
內頁插圖
目錄
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part I: Technical aspects of bosonization
A simple case of Bose-Fermi equivalence: Jordan-Wigner ransformation
One-dimensional fermion tates near the Fermi points
Chiral anomaly
Anomalous commutators
Ganssian model. Lagrangian formulation
Bosonization
Interaction with an electromagnetic field; gauge invariance
Conformal symmetry and finite size effects
Gaussian model in the Hamiltonian formulation
Virasoro algebra
Ward identities
Subalgebra sl(2)
Structure of Hilhert space in conformal theories
Differential equations for correlation functions
Dotsenko——Fateev bosonization scheme for the minimal models
Current (Kac-Moody) algebras; the first assault
Sugawara Hamiltonian for Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten model
Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov (KZ) equations
Relevant and irrelevant fields
Bose-Einstein Condensation in two dimensions; Beresinskii-
Kesterlitz-Thouless transition
The sine-Gordon model
The renormalization group analysis
Exact solution of the sine-Gordon model
Spin S-1/2 Heisenberg-lsing chain
Explicit expression for the dynamical magnetic susceptibility
Ising model
More about the WZNW model
Special cases
1.1 SU1(2) WZNW model as a Gaussian model
1.2 SU2(2) WZNW model and the Ising model
1.3 SU4(2) as a theory of two bosonic fields
1.4 SUI0(2) as a theory of three bosonic fields
Deformation of the WZNW model and coset constructions
Non-Abelian bosznization
WZNW model in the Lagrangian formulation
Derivation of the Lagrangian
Calculation of a nontrivial determinant
Part II: Application of the bosonization technique to physical models
in (1 + l)-dimemions
Interacting fermions with spin
Spin-l/2 Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid
Instabilities of a Tomonaga-Lnttinger liquid
Electron-phonon interaction
1.1 Incommensurate band filling, the effect on K
1.2 Commensurate band filling
1.3 Appendix
Spectral gap in the spin sector
Optical conductivity
Gap in the charge sector at half-filling and the case of small doping
Appendix. RG equations for the model of one-dimensional electrons
from the SU(2) current algebra
Interacting fermions with broken spin rotational symmetry
U(l)-symmetric Thirring model: relation to sine-Gordon and
massive Thirring models
XYZ Thirring model
Spin correlation functions
Theroleofmagneticfield
IV.ISpin-floptransitionintheXYZmodel
IV.2Toymodelforanorbitalantfferromagnet
WhatmayhappenwithaTomonaga-Luttingerfiquidinthree imensions
Appendix.FermionicGreensfunction
1.1 oordinatespaceGreensfunction
1.2 hespectralfunction(vc>vs)
1.3 ouriertransformoftheGreensfunction(re>v)
1.4 hespectralfunction,vs>vc
1.5 ouriertransformofGreensfunction,vs>vc
TwoweaklycoupledTomonaga-Luttingerliquids;spinlemcase
Spinliquidsinonedimension:exampleofspinladders
Couplingofidenticalchains;theAbelianbosonization
Correlationfunctionsfortheidenticalchains
II.lStaggeredsusceptibilityoftheconventional(Haldane)spin iquid
II.2Dimerizedspinliquid
Inequivalentchains;non-Abelianbosonization
Stringorderparameterinthespin-laddermodel
AppendixA.Thetopologicaltermemergingfromthe
Wess-Zuminoterm
AppendixB.HiddenZ2~Z2symmetryandstringorderparameter
inthebond-alternatingS——-1/2Heisenbergchain
Spin-l/2Heisenbergchainwithalternatingexchange
Appendix.Multiparticleformfactors
Superconductivityinadopedspinliquid
Bosonizationandfermionization
Superconductingfluctuations
Conclusions
Appendix.Conditionsforsuppressionofthesingle-particletunneling
EdgestatesinthequantumHalleffect
PartⅢ Singleimpurityproblems
Potentialsattering
Introduction
Reduction of the local scattering problem to one dimension
The scattering phase
X-ray edge problem (Fermi liquids)
Introduction
Statement of the problem
II.1 Many-body formulation
I1.2 One-particle formulation
Linked dusters expansion
Nozi6res-De Dominicis solution
Exact solution for the overlap integral
Bosonization approach to the X-ray edge problem
VI.1 Boundary condition changing operator (chiral anomaly)
VI.2 X-ray response functions via bosonization
Appendix A. Parquet approximation
Appendix B. The Wiener-Hopf method
Appendix C. Orthogonality of Slater determinants
Impurities in a Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid
Introduction
Weak-coupling analysis of a single impurity
II.1 Bosonization of the impurity Hamiltonian
II.2 Lagrangian formulation: local action
11.3 Renormalization group analysis of local operators
Strong-coupling analysis
III.1 Open boundary bosonization
111.2 Strong-coupling fixed point
Exact solution at K=1/2 and the conductance
Relation of the impurity backscattering model to the Caldeira-eggett model
X-ray edge problem in Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids
Multi-channel Kondo problem
Introduction
Qualitative analysis
The Toulouse limit
The Emery-Kivelson solution
IV.I Greens functions and zero-field free energy
IV.2 Magnetic field effects
IV.3 Wilson ratio
The Toulouse limit for the four-channel Kondo model
Coulomb blockade
VI.1 One-dimensional electrons in point contacts
VI.2 Coulomb blockade and two-channel Kondo model
General bibliography
精彩書摘
This volume provides a detailed account of bosonization. This important tech-nique represents one of the most powerful nonperturbative approaches to many-body systems currently available. The first part of the book examines the technical aspects of bosonization. Topicsinclude one-dimensional fermions, the Gaussian model, the structure of Hilbertspace in conformal theories, Bose-Einstein condensation in two dimensions, non-Abelian bosonization, and the Ising and WZNW models. The second partpresents applications of the bosonization technique to realistic models includingthe Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid, spin liquids in one dimension and the spin-1/2 Heisenberg chain with alternative exchange. The third part addresses theproblems of quantum impurities. Chapters cover potential scattering, the X-rayedge problem, impurities in Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids and the multi-channelKondo problem. This book will be an excellent reference for researchers andgraduate students working in theoretical physics, condensed matter physics andfield theory.
前言/序言
We used to think that if we know one, we knew two, because one and oneare two. We are finding that we must learn a great deal more about and.Sir Arthur Eddington, from The Harvest of a Quiet Eye, by A. MackayThe behaviour of large and complex aggregations of elementary particles,it turns out, is not to be understood in terms of a simple extrapolation ofthe properties of a few particles. Instead, at each level of complexity entirelynew properties appear, and the understanding of the new behaviours requiresresearch which I think is as fundamental in its nature as any other.
E W. Anderson, from More is Different (1972)
High energy physics continues to fascinate people inside and outside ofscience, being perceived as the most fundamental area of research. Itis believed somehow that the deeper inside the matter we go the closerwe get to the truth. So it is believed that the truth is out there-athigh energies, small distances, short times. Therefore the ultimate theory,Theory of Everything, must be a theory operating at the smallest distancesand times possible where there is no difference between gravitational andall other forces (the Planck scale). All this looks extremely revolutionaryand complicated, but once a condensed matter physicist has found timeand courage to acquaint himself with these ideas and theories, thesewould not appear to him utterly unfamiliar. Moreover, despite the factthat the two branches of physics study objects of vastly different sizes,the deeper into details you go, the more parallels you will find betweenthe concepts used. In many cases the only difference is that models arecalled by different names, but this has more to do with funding than withthe essence.
量子物理學前沿探索:從低維係統到新奇物態 本書聚焦於凝聚態物理領域最具挑戰性和前沿性的課題之一:低維係統中的量子多體物理及其在強關聯效應下的新奇量子物態。 本書旨在為讀者提供一個深入而係統的視角,探討如何利用現代理論工具來理解和描述那些傳統費米子理論難以奏效的復雜量子現象。 第一部分:低維係統的理論基礎與有效場論 本書首先搭建瞭理解一維和二維係統中特有量子行為的理論框架。在經典物理中,長程相互作用和熱漲落通常會破壞低維係統的序。然而,在量子世界中,特彆是當係統被限製在低維空間時,量子漲落的作用變得至關重要,並可能催生齣非平凡的基態和激發態。 我們從準粒子概念的失效開始。在三維係統中,相互作用的費米子可以用費米液體理論來描述,準粒子激發是清晰且易於理解的。但在極低維度下,例如一維(如量子綫或碳納米管),費米液體理論徹底崩潰。取而代之的是Luttinger液體理論。本書將詳細闡述如何通過將費米子係統映射到開波(Tomonaga-Luttinger)模型來實現這一突破。我們將深入探討以下關鍵概念: 1. 開波理論(Tomonaga-Luttinger Liquid Theory): 詳細推導並解釋如何通過對費米子哈密頓量的低能展開,實現從費米子描述到玻色化描述的轉換。重點分析瞭長程關聯函數(如電子關聯函數)的冪律衰減,而非指數衰減,這是Luttinger液體區彆於傳統費米液體的重要標誌。討論瞭電荷密度波(CDW)和自鏇密度波(SDW)在低維係統中錶現齣的特殊性質。 2. 玻色化(Bosonization): 這是本書的核心方法之一。我們將係統性地介紹玻色化技術,即如何用一串(或一組)玻色場來精確描述一維費米子的相互作用。詳細討論瞭如何將費米子算符(如産生和湮滅算符)用這些玻色場來錶示。特彆地,探討瞭如何處理邊界條件和拓撲缺陷對係統性質的影響。 3. 低維緊束縛模型與能帶結構: 對周期性或無序的低維晶格模型進行分析,引入平均場近似、Kohn-Sham方法的低維推廣,以及Aubry-André-Harper模型等,展示在低維係統中,即使是微小的無序也可以導緻全局的局域化現象(如Anderson局域化)。 第二部分:強關聯效應與新奇量子物態 本書的重點從描述性的有效場論轉嚮對強關聯係統中非微擾解法的探索。強關聯係統是凝聚態物理中最引人入勝的領域之一,其中電子間的庫侖相互作用不能被視為微擾。 1. Hubbard模型及其數值方法: 作為描述電子在晶格中運動和相互作用的標準模型,Hubbard模型在低維和強關聯極限下具有極高的挑戰性。我們將考察一維Hubbard模型的精確解(Bethe Ansatz)及其物理意義,並對比二維Hubbard模型在不同填充因子下的基態猜測(如反鐵磁序、d波超導等)。 2. 密度矩陣重整化群(DMRG)方法: 針對一維係統,DMRG提供瞭一種近乎精確的數值工具。本書將介紹DMRG算法的核心思想,包括係統的截斷、張量網絡錶示(Matrix Product States, MPS)的構建,以及如何利用其來精確計算低維係統的基態能量、激發光譜和關聯函數。我們將討論DMRG在處理長程關聯和拓撲序方麵的優勢與局限性。 3. 自鏇液體與拓撲序: 在強關聯、低維的背景下,我們探討瞭量子自鏇液體(Quantum Spin Liquids, QSLs)。這些係統在極低溫下拒絕産生磁序,展現齣高度糾纏的基態。重點分析瞭Kitaev模型,它是一個解析可解的、能體現拓撲特性的自鏇模型。通過對Kitaev模型的求解,讀者將理解非阿貝爾任意子(Non-Abelian Anyons)的概念,以及這些拓撲激發在拓撲量子計算中的潛在應用。 4. 分數霍爾效應與二維電子氣: 深入探討在強磁場下,二維電子氣所展現齣的分數量子霍爾效應(FQHE)。本書將側重於 Laughlin 波函數的構造原理,解釋其內在的拓撲量子數以及由此産生的準粒子激發所攜帶的分數電荷和分數統計。這部分內容將深化讀者對拓撲序本質的理解。 第三部分:強關聯係統的場論處理 為瞭處理更一般、更復雜的強關聯問題,本書迴顧並擴展瞭場論工具的應用。 1. 有效相互作用的産生: 闡述瞭如何通過消除高能自由度(如通過路徑積分的積分或等效拉格朗日量的推導),在低能尺度下得到更簡潔但包含“有效”相互作用的理論描述。這包括Fermion-Boson有效耦閤的構建。 2. 替代性方法: 簡要介紹瞭其他處理強關聯係統的有效手段,如近似平均場理論(如Slave-Boson Mean Field)、動態平均場理論(DMFT)在低維係統中的推廣嘗試,以及基於張量網絡的激發態理論,為讀者指明未來研究的方嚮。 總結: 本書內容環環相扣,從基礎的費米子玻色化到前沿的拓撲量子態和數字模擬,提供瞭一套完整的工具箱,以應對凝聚態物理中由低維幾何約束和強電子相互作用共同引發的復雜挑戰。它強調理論模型的精確性、數值方法的有效性,以及對實驗觀測(如掃描隧道顯微鏡、中子散射等)結果的深刻物理洞察力。本書適閤高年級本科生、研究生及科研人員深入學習和參考。