内容简介
Technical aspects of bosonization、A simple case of Bose-Fermi equivalence: Jordan-Wigner、Transformation、One-dimensional fermion States near the Fermi points、Chiral anomaly、Anomalous commutators、Ganssian model. Lagrangian formulation、Bosonization、Interaction with an electromagnetic field; gauge invariance、Conformal symmetry and finite size effects、Gaussian model in the Hamiltonian formulation、Virasoro algebra、Ward identities等等。
内页插图
目录
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part I: Technical aspects of bosonization
A simple case of Bose-Fermi equivalence: Jordan-Wigner ransformation
One-dimensional fermion tates near the Fermi points
Chiral anomaly
Anomalous commutators
Ganssian model. Lagrangian formulation
Bosonization
Interaction with an electromagnetic field; gauge invariance
Conformal symmetry and finite size effects
Gaussian model in the Hamiltonian formulation
Virasoro algebra
Ward identities
Subalgebra sl(2)
Structure of Hilhert space in conformal theories
Differential equations for correlation functions
Dotsenko——Fateev bosonization scheme for the minimal models
Current (Kac-Moody) algebras; the first assault
Sugawara Hamiltonian for Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten model
Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov (KZ) equations
Relevant and irrelevant fields
Bose-Einstein Condensation in two dimensions; Beresinskii-
Kesterlitz-Thouless transition
The sine-Gordon model
The renormalization group analysis
Exact solution of the sine-Gordon model
Spin S-1/2 Heisenberg-lsing chain
Explicit expression for the dynamical magnetic susceptibility
Ising model
More about the WZNW model
Special cases
1.1 SU1(2) WZNW model as a Gaussian model
1.2 SU2(2) WZNW model and the Ising model
1.3 SU4(2) as a theory of two bosonic fields
1.4 SUI0(2) as a theory of three bosonic fields
Deformation of the WZNW model and coset constructions
Non-Abelian bosznization
WZNW model in the Lagrangian formulation
Derivation of the Lagrangian
Calculation of a nontrivial determinant
Part II: Application of the bosonization technique to physical models
in (1 + l)-dimemions
Interacting fermions with spin
Spin-l/2 Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid
Instabilities of a Tomonaga-Lnttinger liquid
Electron-phonon interaction
1.1 Incommensurate band filling, the effect on K
1.2 Commensurate band filling
1.3 Appendix
Spectral gap in the spin sector
Optical conductivity
Gap in the charge sector at half-filling and the case of small doping
Appendix. RG equations for the model of one-dimensional electrons
from the SU(2) current algebra
Interacting fermions with broken spin rotational symmetry
U(l)-symmetric Thirring model: relation to sine-Gordon and
massive Thirring models
XYZ Thirring model
Spin correlation functions
Theroleofmagneticfield
IV.ISpin-floptransitionintheXYZmodel
IV.2Toymodelforanorbitalantfferromagnet
WhatmayhappenwithaTomonaga-Luttingerfiquidinthree imensions
Appendix.FermionicGreensfunction
1.1 oordinatespaceGreensfunction
1.2 hespectralfunction(vc>vs)
1.3 ouriertransformoftheGreensfunction(re>v)
1.4 hespectralfunction,vs>vc
1.5 ouriertransformofGreensfunction,vs>vc
TwoweaklycoupledTomonaga-Luttingerliquids;spinlemcase
Spinliquidsinonedimension:exampleofspinladders
Couplingofidenticalchains;theAbelianbosonization
Correlationfunctionsfortheidenticalchains
II.lStaggeredsusceptibilityoftheconventional(Haldane)spin iquid
II.2Dimerizedspinliquid
Inequivalentchains;non-Abelianbosonization
Stringorderparameterinthespin-laddermodel
AppendixA.Thetopologicaltermemergingfromthe
Wess-Zuminoterm
AppendixB.HiddenZ2~Z2symmetryandstringorderparameter
inthebond-alternatingS——-1/2Heisenbergchain
Spin-l/2Heisenbergchainwithalternatingexchange
Appendix.Multiparticleformfactors
Superconductivityinadopedspinliquid
Bosonizationandfermionization
Superconductingfluctuations
Conclusions
Appendix.Conditionsforsuppressionofthesingle-particletunneling
EdgestatesinthequantumHalleffect
PartⅢ Singleimpurityproblems
Potentialsattering
Introduction
Reduction of the local scattering problem to one dimension
The scattering phase
X-ray edge problem (Fermi liquids)
Introduction
Statement of the problem
II.1 Many-body formulation
I1.2 One-particle formulation
Linked dusters expansion
Nozi6res-De Dominicis solution
Exact solution for the overlap integral
Bosonization approach to the X-ray edge problem
VI.1 Boundary condition changing operator (chiral anomaly)
VI.2 X-ray response functions via bosonization
Appendix A. Parquet approximation
Appendix B. The Wiener-Hopf method
Appendix C. Orthogonality of Slater determinants
Impurities in a Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid
Introduction
Weak-coupling analysis of a single impurity
II.1 Bosonization of the impurity Hamiltonian
II.2 Lagrangian formulation: local action
11.3 Renormalization group analysis of local operators
Strong-coupling analysis
III.1 Open boundary bosonization
111.2 Strong-coupling fixed point
Exact solution at K=1/2 and the conductance
Relation of the impurity backscattering model to the Caldeira-eggett model
X-ray edge problem in Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids
Multi-channel Kondo problem
Introduction
Qualitative analysis
The Toulouse limit
The Emery-Kivelson solution
IV.I Greens functions and zero-field free energy
IV.2 Magnetic field effects
IV.3 Wilson ratio
The Toulouse limit for the four-channel Kondo model
Coulomb blockade
VI.1 One-dimensional electrons in point contacts
VI.2 Coulomb blockade and two-channel Kondo model
General bibliography
精彩书摘
This volume provides a detailed account of bosonization. This important tech-nique represents one of the most powerful nonperturbative approaches to many-body systems currently available. The first part of the book examines the technical aspects of bosonization. Topicsinclude one-dimensional fermions, the Gaussian model, the structure of Hilbertspace in conformal theories, Bose-Einstein condensation in two dimensions, non-Abelian bosonization, and the Ising and WZNW models. The second partpresents applications of the bosonization technique to realistic models includingthe Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid, spin liquids in one dimension and the spin-1/2 Heisenberg chain with alternative exchange. The third part addresses theproblems of quantum impurities. Chapters cover potential scattering, the X-rayedge problem, impurities in Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids and the multi-channelKondo problem. This book will be an excellent reference for researchers andgraduate students working in theoretical physics, condensed matter physics andfield theory.
前言/序言
We used to think that if we know one, we knew two, because one and oneare two. We are finding that we must learn a great deal more about and.Sir Arthur Eddington, from The Harvest of a Quiet Eye, by A. MackayThe behaviour of large and complex aggregations of elementary particles,it turns out, is not to be understood in terms of a simple extrapolation ofthe properties of a few particles. Instead, at each level of complexity entirelynew properties appear, and the understanding of the new behaviours requiresresearch which I think is as fundamental in its nature as any other.
E W. Anderson, from More is Different (1972)
High energy physics continues to fascinate people inside and outside ofscience, being perceived as the most fundamental area of research. Itis believed somehow that the deeper inside the matter we go the closerwe get to the truth. So it is believed that the truth is out there-athigh energies, small distances, short times. Therefore the ultimate theory,Theory of Everything, must be a theory operating at the smallest distancesand times possible where there is no difference between gravitational andall other forces (the Planck scale). All this looks extremely revolutionaryand complicated, but once a condensed matter physicist has found timeand courage to acquaint himself with these ideas and theories, thesewould not appear to him utterly unfamiliar. Moreover, despite the factthat the two branches of physics study objects of vastly different sizes,the deeper into details you go, the more parallels you will find betweenthe concepts used. In many cases the only difference is that models arecalled by different names, but this has more to do with funding than withthe essence.
量子物理学前沿探索:从低维系统到新奇物态 本书聚焦于凝聚态物理领域最具挑战性和前沿性的课题之一:低维系统中的量子多体物理及其在强关联效应下的新奇量子物态。 本书旨在为读者提供一个深入而系统的视角,探讨如何利用现代理论工具来理解和描述那些传统费米子理论难以奏效的复杂量子现象。 第一部分:低维系统的理论基础与有效场论 本书首先搭建了理解一维和二维系统中特有量子行为的理论框架。在经典物理中,长程相互作用和热涨落通常会破坏低维系统的序。然而,在量子世界中,特别是当系统被限制在低维空间时,量子涨落的作用变得至关重要,并可能催生出非平凡的基态和激发态。 我们从准粒子概念的失效开始。在三维系统中,相互作用的费米子可以用费米液体理论来描述,准粒子激发是清晰且易于理解的。但在极低维度下,例如一维(如量子线或碳纳米管),费米液体理论彻底崩溃。取而代之的是Luttinger液体理论。本书将详细阐述如何通过将费米子系统映射到开波(Tomonaga-Luttinger)模型来实现这一突破。我们将深入探讨以下关键概念: 1. 开波理论(Tomonaga-Luttinger Liquid Theory): 详细推导并解释如何通过对费米子哈密顿量的低能展开,实现从费米子描述到玻色化描述的转换。重点分析了长程关联函数(如电子关联函数)的幂律衰减,而非指数衰减,这是Luttinger液体区别于传统费米液体的重要标志。讨论了电荷密度波(CDW)和自旋密度波(SDW)在低维系统中表现出的特殊性质。 2. 玻色化(Bosonization): 这是本书的核心方法之一。我们将系统性地介绍玻色化技术,即如何用一串(或一组)玻色场来精确描述一维费米子的相互作用。详细讨论了如何将费米子算符(如产生和湮灭算符)用这些玻色场来表示。特别地,探讨了如何处理边界条件和拓扑缺陷对系统性质的影响。 3. 低维紧束缚模型与能带结构: 对周期性或无序的低维晶格模型进行分析,引入平均场近似、Kohn-Sham方法的低维推广,以及Aubry-André-Harper模型等,展示在低维系统中,即使是微小的无序也可以导致全局的局域化现象(如Anderson局域化)。 第二部分:强关联效应与新奇量子物态 本书的重点从描述性的有效场论转向对强关联系统中非微扰解法的探索。强关联系统是凝聚态物理中最引人入胜的领域之一,其中电子间的库仑相互作用不能被视为微扰。 1. Hubbard模型及其数值方法: 作为描述电子在晶格中运动和相互作用的标准模型,Hubbard模型在低维和强关联极限下具有极高的挑战性。我们将考察一维Hubbard模型的精确解(Bethe Ansatz)及其物理意义,并对比二维Hubbard模型在不同填充因子下的基态猜测(如反铁磁序、d波超导等)。 2. 密度矩阵重整化群(DMRG)方法: 针对一维系统,DMRG提供了一种近乎精确的数值工具。本书将介绍DMRG算法的核心思想,包括系统的截断、张量网络表示(Matrix Product States, MPS)的构建,以及如何利用其来精确计算低维系统的基态能量、激发光谱和关联函数。我们将讨论DMRG在处理长程关联和拓扑序方面的优势与局限性。 3. 自旋液体与拓扑序: 在强关联、低维的背景下,我们探讨了量子自旋液体(Quantum Spin Liquids, QSLs)。这些系统在极低温下拒绝产生磁序,展现出高度纠缠的基态。重点分析了Kitaev模型,它是一个解析可解的、能体现拓扑特性的自旋模型。通过对Kitaev模型的求解,读者将理解非阿贝尔任意子(Non-Abelian Anyons)的概念,以及这些拓扑激发在拓扑量子计算中的潜在应用。 4. 分数霍尔效应与二维电子气: 深入探讨在强磁场下,二维电子气所展现出的分数量子霍尔效应(FQHE)。本书将侧重于 Laughlin 波函数的构造原理,解释其内在的拓扑量子数以及由此产生的准粒子激发所携带的分数电荷和分数统计。这部分内容将深化读者对拓扑序本质的理解。 第三部分:强关联系统的场论处理 为了处理更一般、更复杂的强关联问题,本书回顾并扩展了场论工具的应用。 1. 有效相互作用的产生: 阐述了如何通过消除高能自由度(如通过路径积分的积分或等效拉格朗日量的推导),在低能尺度下得到更简洁但包含“有效”相互作用的理论描述。这包括Fermion-Boson有效耦合的构建。 2. 替代性方法: 简要介绍了其他处理强关联系统的有效手段,如近似平均场理论(如Slave-Boson Mean Field)、动态平均场理论(DMFT)在低维系统中的推广尝试,以及基于张量网络的激发态理论,为读者指明未来研究的方向。 总结: 本书内容环环相扣,从基础的费米子玻色化到前沿的拓扑量子态和数字模拟,提供了一套完整的工具箱,以应对凝聚态物理中由低维几何约束和强电子相互作用共同引发的复杂挑战。它强调理论模型的精确性、数值方法的有效性,以及对实验观测(如扫描隧道显微镜、中子散射等)结果的深刻物理洞察力。本书适合高年级本科生、研究生及科研人员深入学习和参考。