内容简介
The general idea of the book is to present basic information on the atomic nucleus and the simple theories that try to explain it. Although there is reference to experiments or measurements when I find it necessary, there is no attempt to describe the equipment and methods of experimental nuclear physics in a systematic and consistent way. In the same way, practical applications of nuclear physics are mentioned sporadically, but there is no commitment to giving a general panorama of what exists in this area.
In the ordering of the subjects, I chose to begin with a study of the basic components of the nuclei, the protons and neutrons, and of other particles that compose the scenario of nuclear processes. Pions and quarks play an essential role here, and a summary of their properties is presented.
In chapter 1 the properties of hadrons are summarized. Chapters 2 and 3 treat the system of two nucleons, the deuteron and the nucleon-nucleon interaction, while in the next chapter the properties of nuclei with any number of nucleons is introduced. The nuclear models that have been developed in an effort to explain these properties are described in chapter 5.
Chapters 6 to 9 work with nuclear transformations, starting with a general study of radioactive properties followed by the description of alpha, beta, and gamma decay.
Chapters 10 and 11 embrace the second great block of study in nuclear physics, nuclear collisions, and chapter 12 treats the role of nuclear physics for stellar evolution in several contexts of astrophysics.
Chapter 13 discusses the rapidly growing field of rare nuclear isotopes, short-lived nuclei far from the valley of stability.
An adequate level for a complete understanding of this book corresponds to a student studying at the end oaf first degree in physics, including, besides basic physics, a course in modern physics and a first course in quantum mechanics. Students of other exact sciences and of technology in general, can profit in good part from the subjects presented in this book.
内页插图
目录
Introduction
0.1 What is Nuclear Physics?
0.2 This Book
1 Hadrons
1.1 Nucleons
1.2 Nuclear Forces
1.3 Pions
1.4 Antiparticles
1.5 Inversion and Parity
1.6 Isospin and Baryonic Number
1.7 Isospin Invariance
1.8 Magnetic Moment of the Nucleons
1.9 Strangeness and Hypercharge
1.10 Quantum Chromo dynamics
1.11 Exercises
2 The Two-Nucleon System
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Electrostatic Multipoles
2.3 Magnetic Moment with Spin-orbit Coupling
2.4 Experimental Data for the Deuteron
2.5 A Square-well Model for the Deuteron
2.6 The Deuteron Wave function
2.6.1 Angular momentum coupling
2.6.2 Two particles of spin 1/2
2.6.3 Total wave function
2.7 Particles in the Continuum: Scattering
2.8 Partial Wave Expansion
2.9 Low Energy Scattering
2.10 Effective Range Theory
2.11 Proton-Proton Scattering
2.12 Neutron-Neutron Scattering
2.13 High Energy Scattering
2.14 Laboratory and Center of Mass Systems
2.15 Exercises
3 The Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Phenomenological Potentials
3.3 Local Potentials
3.3.1 Nonlocal potential
3.4 Meson Exchange Potentials
3.4.1 Yukawa and Vander Waals potentials
3.4.2 Field theory picture
3.4.3 Short range part of the NN interaction
3.4.4 Chiral symmetry
3.4.5 Generalized boson exchange
3.4.6 Beyond boson exchange
3.5 Effective Field Theories
3.6 Exercises
4 General Properties of Nuclei
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nuclear Radii
4.3 Binding Energies
4.4 Total Angular Momentum of the Nucleus
4.5 Multipole Moments
4.6 Magnetic Dipole Moment
4.7 Electric Quadrupole Moment
4.8 Excited States of Nuclei
4.9 Nuclear Stability
4.10 Exercises
5 Nuclear Models
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Liquid Drop Model
5.3 The Fermi Gas Model
5.4 The Shell Model
5.5 Residual Interaction
……
6 Radioactivity
7 Alpha-Decay
8 Beta-Decay
9 Gamma-Decay
10 Nuclear Reactions-I
11 Nuclear Reactions-II
12 Nuclear Astrophysics
13 Rare Nuclear Isotopes
Appendix A Angular Momentum
Appendix B Angular Momentum Coupling
Appendix C Symmetries
Appendix D Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
Appendix E Useful Constants and Conversion Factors
References
Index
前言/序言
好的,这是一份关于另一本假设的书籍的详细简介,力求内容详实且风格自然: --- 《星际航行与超光速理论:基础物理与工程实践》 作者: 艾琳·卡特博士 (Dr. Erin Carter) 出版社: 轨道之门出版 (Orbital Gate Press) 出版年份: 2045年 内容简介: 在人类文明迈向银河系深处的宏伟征程中,距离不再是不可逾越的障碍。《星际航行与超光速理论:基础物理与工程实践》并非一本探讨微观粒子或原子核内部奥秘的教科书,而是为有志于掌握和应用远距离空间旅行所需前沿物理学与工程技术的读者精心编撰的权威指南。本书深入剖析了驱动星际航行的核心理论框架,并详细阐述了将这些理论转化为可行技术的工程挑战与解决方案。 本书的结构旨在为读者构建一个从基础理论到实际应用的完整认知路径。第一部分“超越光速的理论基石”将读者带入一个充满挑战性的物理学领域。我们不再局限于狭义和广义相对论的经典解释,而是着手研究修正后的时空几何模型,这些模型是实现超光速(FTL)旅行的前提。卡特博士以其独到的见解,详细梳理了阿库别瑞-莫雷蒂(Alcubierre-Moretti)度规的最新发展。她不仅回顾了最初的“曲速泡”概念,更重点探讨了如何通过引入负能量密度替代物(如奇异物质或通过量子真空工程实现的类负质量场)来维持曲率驱动场,以克服能量需求上的巨大障碍。本书对如何精确计算和控制时空变形边界的数学模型进行了深入的推导,着重探讨了曲率场动态稳定性的物理限制。此外,本书还引入了“量子纠缠桥接”理论——一种基于非定域性量子场论的通讯和潜在物质传输机制,虽然尚处于理论萌芽阶段,但被视为未来星际通讯的终极目标。 第二部分“推进系统工程的革命”将理论转化为实践。本书详细介绍了当前正在研发和测试中的几种主流星际推进技术。对于曲率驱动器(Warp Drive)的工程设计,本书不仅讨论了反应堆对奇异物质的生成要求,还深入分析了驱动线圈阵列的材料科学挑战——特别是如何使用超导高熵合金来承受和传导极端能量密度而不发生结构解体。详细的章节专门讨论了“零点能提取与转换”技术,这是为曲率驱动提供稳定能量源的关键路径。书中详述了如何设计并优化用于捕获和聚焦真空零点能的亥姆霍兹共振腔系统,以及相应的能量耦合效率问题。 除了曲率驱动,本书还全面覆盖了其他重要的辅助推进技术。惯性阻尼系统是保障船员安全的关键。在曲速泡内部,尽管加速度被视为零,但当曲率场快速切换或被干扰时,极端的潮汐力和时空剪切力可能瞬间撕裂飞船。本书详细介绍了基于主动引力场发生器的惯性阻尼算法,如何实时监测和抵消这些瞬时应力梯度。 第三部分“导航、时空与环境适应”关注星际航行中最为复杂且难以预测的方面。超光速航行极大地简化了时间维度上的旅行,却极大地复杂化了空间导航。本书的核心贡献之一在于阐述了“相对路径规划”算法。由于FTL旅行中,飞船在参考系中会经历不同程度的时间膨胀和空间弯曲,传统的三角定位法完全失效。卡特博士提出了一套基于“引力透镜残像”和背景微波辐射特征识别的实时坐标修正方法,确保飞船在到达目标星系时能精确锁定预定轨道。 更进一步,本书探讨了在高速通过星际介质时可能发生的物理效应。当飞船以接近或达到曲率驱动极限速度(即时空弯曲接近最大化)飞行时,即使是稀薄的星际尘埃和氢原子也会因为相对动能的巨大提升而表现出极强的破坏力。书中详尽分析了“光速冲击效应”,并提出了先进的“前置时空预处理系统”设计方案,该系统通过在飞船前方生成一个弱耦合的、略微收缩的时空区域,以“减速”迎面而来的粒子流,从而保护船体结构。 最后,本书以一个关于“接触协议与时序悖论”的哲学与物理学交叉讨论收尾。星际旅行的实际应用必然带来与地外文明的接触,以及对时间连续性的深入探讨。卡特博士审慎地分析了FTL旅行可能引发的因果律问题,虽然她强调当前理论框架仍未发现确凿的时间旅行迹象,但提出了对导航系统必须内置的“时序安全锁”的必要性,以防止因计算错误而可能引发的微观因果链中断。 《星际航行与超光速理论》是一部严谨的学术著作,同时也是一本面向资深工程师和理论物理爱好者的实用指南。它要求读者具备扎实的经典物理学基础,尤其是广义相对论和量子场论的初步知识。本书旨在成为未来星际舰队设计师、深空任务规划师以及所有对人类终极疆域探索抱有热情的读者的必备参考书。 ---