内容简介
Riemannian geometry is characterized, and research is oriented towards and shaped by concepts (geodesics, connections, curvature, ...) and objectives, in particular to understand certain classes of (compact) Riemannian manifolds defined by curvature conditions (constant or positive or negative curvature, ...). By way of contrast, geometric analysis is a perhaps somewhat less systematic collection of techniques, for solving extremal problems naturally arising in geometry and for investigating and characterizing their solutions. It turns out that the two fields complement each other very well; geometric analysis offers tools for solving difficult problems in geometry, and Riemannian geometry stimulates progress in geometric analysis by setting ambitious goals.
It is the aim of this book to be a systematic and comprehensive introduction to Riemannian geometry and a representative introduction to the methods of geometric analysis. It attempts a synthesis of geometric and analytic methods in the study of Riemannian manifolds.
The present work is the sixth edition of my textbook on Riemannian geometry and geometric analysis. It has developed on the basis of several graduate courses I taught at the Ruhr~University Bochum and the University of Leipzig. The main new feature of the present edition is a systematic presentation of the spectrum of the Laplace operator and its relation with the geometry of the underlying Riemannian marufold. Naturally, I have also included several smaller additions and minor corrections (for which I am grateful to several readers). Moreover, the organization of the chapters has been systematically rearranged.
内页插图
目录
1 Riemannian Manifolds
1.1 Manifolds and Differentiable Manifolds
1.2 Tangent Spaces
1.3 Submanifolds
1.4 Riemannian Metrics
1.5 Existence of Geodesics on Compact Manifolds
1.6 The Heat Flow and the Existence of Geodesics
1.7 Existence of Geodesics on Complete Manifolds
Exercises for Chapter 1
2 Lie Groups and Vector Bundles
2.1 Vector Bundles
2.2 Integral Curves of Vector Fields.Lie Algebras
2.3 Lie Groups
2.4 Spin Structures
Exercises for Chapter 2
3 The Laplace Operator and Harmonic Differential Forms
3.1 The Laplace Operator on Functions
3.2 The Spectrum of the Laplace Operator
3.3 The Laplace Operator on Forms
3.4 Representing Cohomology Classes by Harmonic Forms
3.5 Generalizations
3.6 The Heat Flow and Harmonic Forms
Exercises for Chapter 3
4 Connections and Curvature
4.1 Connections in Vector Bundles
4.2 Metric Connections.The Yang—Mills Functional
4.3 The Levi—Civita Connection
4.4 Connections for Spin Structures and the Dirac Operator
4.5 The Bochner Method
4.6 Eigenvalue Estimates by the Method of Li—Yau
4.7 The Geometry of Submanifolds
4.8 Minimal Submanifolds
Exercises for Chapter 4
5 Geodesics and Jacobi Fields
5.1 First and second Variation of Arc Length and Energy
5.2 Jacobi Fields
5.3 Conjugate Points and Distance Minimizing Geodesics
5.4 Riemannian Manifolds of Constant Curvature
5.5 The Rauch Comparison Theorems and Other Jacobi Field Estimates
5.6 Geometric Applications of Jacobi Field Estimates
5.7 Approximate Fundamental Solutions and Representation Formulas
5.8 The Geometry of Manifolds of Nonpositive Sectional Curvature
Exercises for Chapter 5
A Short Survey on Curvature and Topology
6 Symmetric Spaces and Kahler Manifolds
6.1 Complex Projective Space
6.2 Kahler Manifolds
6.3 The Geometry of Symmetric Spaces
6.4 Some Results about the Structure of Symmetric Spaces
6.5 The Space Sl(n,IR)/SO(n,IR)
6.6 Symmetric Spaces of Noncompact Type
Exercises for Chapter 6
7 Morse Theory and Floer Homology
7.1 Preliminaries: Aims of Morse Theory
7.2 The Palais—Smale Condition,Existence of Saddle Points
7.3 Local Analysis
7.4 Limits of Trajectories of the Gradient Flow
7.5 Floer Condition,Transversality and Z2—Cohomology
7.6 Orientations and Z—homology
7.7 Homotopies
7.8 Graph flows
7.9 Orientations
7.10 The Morse Inequalities
7.11 The Palais—Smale Condition and the Existence of Closed Geodesics
Exercises for Chapter 7
8 Harmonic Maps between Riemannian Manifolds
8.1 Definitions
8.2 Formulas for Harmonic Maps.The Bochner Technique
8.3 The Energy Integral and Weakly Harmonic Maps
8.4 Higher Regularity
8.5 Existence of Harmonic Maps for Nonpositive Curvature
8.6 Regularity of Harmonic Maps for Nonpositive Curvature
8.7 Harmonic Map Uniqueness and Applications
Exercises for Chapter 8
9 Harmonic Maps from Riemann Surfaces
9.1 Two—dimensional Harmonic Mappings
9.2 The Existence of Harmonic Maps in Two Dimensions
9.3 Regularity Results
Exercises for Chapter 9
10 Variational Problems from Quantum Field Theory
10.1 The Ginzburg—Landau Functional
10.2 The Seiberg—Witten Functional
10.3 Dirac—harmonic Maps
Exercises for Chapter 10
A Linear Elliptic Partial Differential Equations
A.1 Sobolev Spaces
A.2 Linear Elliptic Equations
A.3 Linear Parabolic Equations
B Fundamental Groups and Covering Spaces
Bibliography
Index
前言/序言
好的,这是一本关于黎曼几何和几何分析的权威教材的详细内容介绍,着重于其核心概念、方法论和在现代数学中的地位,但不包含您提到的特定版本(第六版)的任何具体内容或章节细节。 --- 现代微分几何与分析的基石:一部跨越理论与应用的深度探索 本书旨在为高等数学、理论物理以及相关工程领域的研究者和高级学生提供一个全面、严谨且富有洞察力的知识体系。它不是一本简单的入门读物,而是一部深入剖析黎曼几何核心原理并将其与现代几何分析工具相结合的权威参考书。全书构建了一个从基础拓扑和微分流形理论出发,逐步攀升至抽象黎曼几何,最终触及前沿几何分析问题的理论框架。 第一部分:微分流形的基础架构 本书的起点建立在坚实的拓扑和光滑流形理论之上。我们首先细致地回顾了必要的拓扑学预备知识,特别是紧致性、连通性和可微性空间的概念。随后,重点转向微分流形的构造。这包括对坐标图集(atlas)、光滑结构以及切空间的严格定义。切空间被视为理解局部线性化结构的关键,它不仅是后续所有几何构造的根基,也为张量场、微分形式和向量场奠定了基础。 在流形上进行分析的前提是定义光滑函数和微分形式。本书详尽阐述了这些概念,包括楔积(wedge product)和外导数(exterior derivative)。德拉姆上同调(de Rham cohomology)作为衡量流形拓扑结构的重要工具,得到了深入的讨论。我们通过链复形(chain complex)的视角,清晰地展示了如何将拓扑信息编码进光滑结构之中,这为理解拓扑不变量与几何度量之间的深刻联系埋下了伏笔。 第二部分:黎曼几何的核心结构:度量与联络 本书的核心在于引入黎曼几何。这首先要求在流形上安装一个黎曼度量 $g$。度量的引入,使得我们能够在切空间上定义内积,从而谈论长度、角度和正交性。这个结构将光滑流形提升为一个度量空间,并赋予了空间曲率的概念。 围绕度量,联络(Connection)的构造是必不可少的。本书深入探讨了仿射联络的性质,特别是它如何定义切向量的平行移动(parallel transport)。随后的重点自然落在了黎曼联络(Levi-Civita 联络)的唯一性和构造上,它完全由黎曼度量决定。通过黎曼联络,我们得以定义协变导数(covariant derivative),这是在曲面上进行微分运算的唯一一致方式。 曲率的几何诠释: 曲率是黎曼几何的灵魂。本书系统地推导并分析了几个关键的曲率概念: 1. 黎曼曲率张量(Riemann Curvature Tensor): 它是衡量切空间中平行移动路径依赖性的量度,其定义与李括号和挠率的消失紧密相关。 2. 里奇张量(Ricci Tensor)和里奇标量(Ricci Scalar): 这些是黎曼曲率张量的缩并形式,直接关联到体积的局部变化率,是连接几何与物理(如爱因斯坦场方程)的桥梁。 3. 截面曲率(Sectional Curvature): 通过考察流形上任意二维子空间的曲率,提供了对局部几何形态最直观的理解。 测地线(Geodesics)作为黎曼流形上“最直”的曲线,其定义基于变分原理或黎曼联络的零协变导数。测地线的存在性和唯一性定理,构成了黎曼几何中关于距离和全局结构的分析基础。 第三部分:从黎曼流形到几何分析 在建立了坚实的黎曼几何框架后,本书转向了如何利用这些几何结构进行现代分析。这要求我们将微分算子(如拉普拉斯-德拉姆算子 $Delta$)置于弯曲空间中进行研究。 几何分析的核心工具: 1. 黎曼流形上的微分算子: 我们详细分析了形如 $Delta$ 的椭圆型算子在弯曲空间上的行为。这不仅涉及对经典拉普拉斯算子在更高维度上的推广,还包括对上同调类别的关联。 2. 谱理论与特征值问题: 空间(流形)的几何结构与其谱性质(如特征值)之间存在深刻的联系。本书探讨了谱几何的基本问题,例如“谱能否决定几何?”(What does the spectrum tell about the shape?)。 3. 变分方法与势能理论: 利用能量泛函的最小化来寻找重要的几何对象,例如极小曲面(Minimal Surfaces)理论在黎曼流形上的推广,或稳定向量丛的分析。 特殊的几何结构与高级主题: 为了展示黎曼几何的广阔应用,本书深入探讨了几种具有特殊性质的流形结构,这些结构在理论物理和拓扑学中占据重要地位: 对称性与常曲率空间: 讨论了如球面、双曲空间等具有极大对称性的空间,及其在李群理论中的体现。 提莫里(Teichmüller)空间与模空间: 考察了度量和结构如何随参数变化而变化的空间,这是几何拓扑学的前沿领域。 卡拉比-丘流形(Calabi-Yau Manifolds)或相关Kähler几何结构: 简要介绍了在复几何和弦理论中至关重要的结构,展示了黎曼几何与复分析的交汇点。 总结: 本书通过严谨的数学语言和丰富的几何直觉,为读者构建了一个完整的从局部到全局的理解体系。它强调了度量、联络和曲率之间的内在统一性,并将这些概念转化为可供分析研究的强大工具。它不仅是学习经典黎曼几何的必备教材,更是进入现代几何分析、拓扑学和理论物理交叉领域的研究指南。其目标是培养读者运用几何思维解决复杂分析问题的能力。