内容简介
An introduction to the practice of English language teaching How to Teach English is for teachers at an early stage in their careers and for teachers preparing for examinations such as The Certificate in English Language Teaching to Adults or The Certificate in TESOL. This book gives clear examples and explanations of current teaching practice which teachers can put into immediate use. How to Teach English offers: ideas on what makes a good teacher and what makes a good learner descriptions and examples of language teaching methods. and a new model of good leaching practice-the ESAmodel an essential introduction to grammar teaching sequences for grammar, vocabulary, and the individual language skills ideas on the exploitation of textbooks and the planning of lessons a What if? review of common problems in the classroom a Task File of photocopiable training tasks appendices on equipment, further reading and phonetic symbols.
作者简介
哈默,Jeremy Harmer is the author of the highly acclaimed and ever popular The Practice of English Language Teaching.
内页插图
目录
Preface by Halliday
Acknowledgements
Introdction
1 How to be a good teacher
What makes a good teacher?
How should teachers talk to stueents?
How should teachers give instructions
Who should talk in class?
What are the best kinds of lesson?
How important is it to follow a pre-arranged plan?
Conclusions
Looking ahead
2 How to be a good learner
Why is it difficult to describe a good learner?
How imprrtant is the studentsmotivation?
Who is responsible for learning?
What is reponsible for learning?
Whats special about teaching adults?
How shoule we teach the sifferent levels?
Conclusions
Looking ahead
3 How to manage teaching and learnign
How should teachers use their physical presence in class?
How Should teachers use their voices in class?
How SHould teachers mark the stages of a lesson?
What different student groupings can teachers use?
How can teachers evaluate the success or failure of their Lessons?
Conclusions
Looking ahead
4 How to describe learnincl and teaching
What do we know about language learning?
What elements are necessary for successful language learning in classrooms?
How do the three elements orES,4 fit together in lesson sequences?
What teaching models have influenced current teaching practice?
Conclusions
Looking ahead
5 How to describe languaoe
What does this chapter do?
Sentence constructions
Parts of speech
Noun types
Verb types
Verb forms
Pronouns
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Articles
Conjunctions and conditionals
Forms and meanings
Language functions
Words together: collocation
Speaking and writing
Pronunciation
Conclusions
Looking ahead
6 How to teach language
What does language study consist of?.
How should we expose students to language?
How can we help students to understand meaning?
How can we help students to understand language form?
How should students practise language?
Why do students make mistakes?
How should teachers correct students?
Where do language study activities fit in teaching sequences?
Conclusions
Looking ahead
7 How to teach reading
Why teach reading?
What kind of reading should students do?
What reading skills should students acquire?
What are the principles behind the teaching of reading?
What do reading sequences look like?
More reading suggestions
Conclusions
Looking ahead
8 How to teach writing
Why teach writing?
What kind of writing should students do?
What do writing sequences look like?
How should teachers correct writing?
What can be done about handwriting?
How does writing fit into ESe/?.
More writing suggestions
Conclusions
Looking ahead
9 How to teach speaking
What kind of speaking should students do?
Why encourage students to do speaking tasks?
What do speaking activities look like?
How should teachers correct speaking?
What else should teachers do during a speaking activity?
How do speaking activities fit into ESA?
More soeaking suestions
Conclusions
Looking ahead
10 How to teach listening
Why teach listening?
What kind of listening should students do?
Whats special about listening?
What are the principles behind the teaching of listening?
What do listening sequences look like?
Where does video fit in?
More listening suggestions
Conclusions
Looking ahead
11 How to use textbooks
What age the different options for textbook use?
What do adding,adapting and replacing look like?
So why use textbooks at all?
HOW should teachers choose textbooks?
Conclusions
Looking ahead
12 How to plan lessons
Whyplan at all?
What age the aims of a plan?
What should be in a plan?
What questions do we need to ask?
What form should a plan take}
HOW should teachers plan a sequence of lessons?
Conclusions
Looking ahead
13 Whatif7
What if students arc all at different levels?
What if the class iS very big?
What if students keep using their own language?
What if students age uncooperative?
What if students dont want tO talk?
What if students dont understand the listening tape?
What if some students.in—groups finish before everybody else?
Conclusions
Task File
精彩书摘
Beginners: success is easy to see at this level, and easy for the teacher toarrange. But then so is failure! Some adult beginners find that languagelearning is more stressful than they expected and reluctantly give up.However, if things are going well, teaching beginners can be incrediblystimulating - and great fun. It may be restricting for the teacher, but thepleasure of being able to see your part in your students success isinvigorating.Intermediate students: success is not so easy to perceive here.Intermediate students have already achieved a lot. Gone are the days whenthey could observe their progress almost daily. Sometimes, it may seem tothem, they dont improve that much or that fast anymore. We often callthis the plateau effect, and the teacher has to make strenuous attempts toshow students what they still need to learn without being discouraging.One of the ways of doing this is to make the tasks we give them morechallenging and to get them to analyse language more thoroughly. Weneed to help them to set clear goals for themselves so that they havesomething to measure their achievement by.Advanced students: they already know a lot of English. There is still thedanger of the plateau effect (even if the plateau itself is higher up) so wehave to create a classroom culture where learning is not seen as learning alanguage httle-bit-by-little-bit. At the advanced level, we need to be ableto show students what still has to be done and we need to provide goodclear evidence of progress. We can do this through a concentration not somuch on grammatical accuracy, but on style and perceptions ofappropriacy, connotation and inference, helping students to use languagewith more subtlety. It is at this level, especially, that we have to encouragestudents to take more and more responsibility for their own learning.Although many activities can clearly be used at more than one level(designing newspaper front pages, writing radio commercials etc.), thereare some which are obviously more appropriate for beginners, for example,pronunciation practice of/o/, simple introduction dialogues, while thereare others which are more appropriate for advanced students, such asdiscursive essay writing or formal debating. One obvious difference in the way we teach different levels is language.Beginners need to be exposed to fairly simple language which they canunderstand. In their language work, they may get pleasure (and goodlearning) from concentrating on straightforward questions like Whatsyour name?, Whats your telephone number?, Hello, Goodbye etc.Intermediate students know all this language already and so we will notask them to concentrate on it. The level of language also affects the teachers behaviour. At beginnerlevels, the need for us to rough-tune our speech is very great: we canexaggerate our voice tone and gesture to help us to get our meaning across.But at higher levels, such extreme behaviour is not so important. Indeed,it will probably come across to the students as patronising.
前言/序言
近年来,国际交往日益频繁,国际贸易急速发展,出现了一种前所未有的现象:学外语、教外语、用外语的人多了;研究语言学和应用语言学的人多了;开设这方面专业的高校也多了,语言学硕士生和博士生也多了。就是不以此为专业,学习语言学和应用语言学的也不乏其人。为了给从事这个专业的师生提供便利,同时又帮助一般外语教师、涉外工作者以及汉语研究者开阔思路,扩大视野,提高效率,我们献上这套内容崭新而丰富的丛书——英文版《当代国外语言学与应用语言学文库》。
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好的,以下是为您创作的一份图书简介,该图书并非《当代国外语言学与应用语言学文库:怎样教英语 [How to Teach English]》,而是专注于描述其他相关领域内容的书籍。 --- 书名:《语言的边界与构建:跨文化交际与语篇分析前沿探索》 内容简介 在信息爆炸与全球化深度交织的今天,语言不再仅仅是交流的工具,它已成为理解文化、塑造思维、构建社会认同的核心机制。本书旨在深入剖析当代语言学与应用语言学的交叉前沿领域,特别是聚焦于跨文化交际的复杂性、语篇分析的深度方法论,以及语言技术在教育与社会治理中的新兴应用。本书汇集了多位国内外知名学者对语言现象的独到见解,力求为读者提供一个全面而富有洞察力的学术视野。 第一部分:跨文化语境下的语言互动机制 本部分探讨了在全球化背景下,语言在不同文化群体间互动时所产生的张力与融合。我们超越了传统的“文化词汇对照”模式,转而关注深层的认知差异如何影响语言选择和意义协商。 语用失误与文化情境: 详细分析了在商务谈判、外交辞令及日常社交中,因文化预设(presupposition)和图式(schema)不同而导致的语用失误案例。研究指出,有效跨文化交际的关键在于对“隐藏的规则”的敏感度,而非单纯的词汇掌握。书中引入了“交际场域理论”,用以解析不同文化群体如何共同构建一个可理解的交流空间。 身份建构与语言变异: 探讨了语言在塑造个体及群体身份中的动态作用。从社会语言学的角度出发,分析了少数族裔语言的复兴运动、数字媒体中“网络方言”的兴起,以及语言态度如何影响社会阶层流动。特别关注了“语言的政治性”,即权力结构如何通过规范化语言使用来维持或挑战社会等级。 翻译的伦理与视阈: 深入讨论了翻译作为一种跨文化中介活动的本质。本书挑战了“忠实性”的单一标准,提出翻译过程是一个不断协商意义和文化适应性的过程。针对文学翻译、科技文档翻译和口译的特殊性,本书提出了基于“意义域转移”而非字面对等的分析模型,并探讨了人工智能辅助翻译(CAT Tools)对译者主体性的潜在影响。 第二部分:语篇分析的深度转向与新方法论 随着研究工具的进步,语篇分析已从文本结构描述,迈向对语言在真实世界中运作方式的深层机制探究。本部分重点介绍当前语篇研究的新兴理论框架和计量分析技术。 话语分析(Critical Discourse Analysis, CDA)的新发展: 结合后结构主义理论,本书重新审视了福柯、范·戴克等人的经典理论。重点分析了媒体叙事如何通过隐含的意识形态立场来建构公众认知。通过对新闻报道、政治演讲和社交媒体文本的案例研究,揭示了权力如何通过特定的语言形式(如隐喻、名词化、代词使用)得以再生产。 语料库驱动的语篇研究: 介绍了如何利用大规模、多模态语料库(包括文本、语音和视觉信息)进行量化语篇分析。本书详细阐述了词频统计、搭配(collocation)分析在识别特定语篇标记物(discourse markers)中的应用,以及如何通过对比分析(Contrastive Analysis)揭示不同文体或体裁的底层逻辑差异。 多模态语篇的整合分析: 认识到现代交流的复杂性,本书将研究触角延伸至视觉、空间和声音元素如何与语言共同构成意义。通过对视频教程、网络直播等场景的分析,探讨了手势、眼神接触、屏幕布局等非语言要素如何调节叙事节奏、表达情感强度和建立互动关系。 第三部分:应用语言学的前沿挑战与未来图景 本部分关注语言学知识在实际应用场景中的转化与落地,特别是在教育技术、语言习得和认知神经科学的交叉领域。 第二语言习得的认知神经模型: 总结了近十年在语言习得领域中,基于功能磁共振成像(fMRI)和脑电图(EEG)的研究成果。重点探讨了成人与儿童习得差异背后的神经可塑性机制,以及“关键期”理论在现代研究中的修正与发展。同时,本书也对输入假设、输出假设等经典理论进行了基于实证数据的再评估。 智能技术赋能的语言学习环境: 深入探讨了人工智能在个性化语言教学中的潜力与局限。内容涵盖自适应学习系统(Adaptive Learning Systems)如何根据学习者的实时错误模式调整教学内容,以及自然语言处理(NLP)技术在自动化写作评估和口语纠正中的最新进展。本书对算法的偏见(bias)在语言测试中的潜在影响提出了批判性的思考。 语言政策与社会公平: 考察了在全球化教育改革中,国家和地区层面对语言地位的规划与实施。分析了双语教育政策的实际效果,特别是对弱势群体学习机会的影响。本书倡导一种更具包容性的语言政策观,即承认并支持语言多样性,将其视为社会资本而非发展障碍。 结语:走向综合性的语言理解 本书的最终目标是推动读者从单一的语言符号分析,转向对语言作为一种社会实践、文化载体和认知工具的整体性理解。它不仅是语言学专业研究者不可或缺的参考书目,也是所有关注全球交流、跨文化互动及教育革新的专业人士的必备读物。通过对这些前沿议题的细致梳理,读者将能更好地把握语言在当代社会中的复杂脉络与未来走向。 --- 目标读者: 应用语言学、比较文学、传播学、社会学、认知科学的本科高年级学生、研究生、教师及研究人员。