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《变换群与曲线模空间》是由高等教育出版社出版的。 内容简介
Transformation groups have played a fundamental role in many areas of mathematics such as differential geometry, geometric topology, algebraic topology, algebraic geometry, number theory. Ore of the basic reasons for their importance is that symmetries are described by groups (or rather group actions). Quotients of smooth manifolds by group actions are usually not smooth manifolds. On the other hand, if the actions of the groups are proper, then the quotients are orbifolds. An important example is given by the action of the mapping class groups on the Teichmuller spaces, and the quotients give the moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces (or algebraic curves) and are orbifolds.
This book consists of expanded lecture' notes of two summer schools Transformation Groups and Orbifolds and Geometry of Teichmuller Spaces and Moduli Spaces of Curves in 2008 and will be a valuable source for people to learn transformation groups, orbifolds, Teichmuller spaces, mapping class groups, moduli soaces of curves and related topics. 目录
Lectures on Orbifolds and Group Cohomology
Alejandro Adem and Michele Klaus
1 Introduction
2 Classical orbifolds
3 Examples of orbifolds
4 Orbifolds and manifolds
5 Orbifolds and groupoids
6 The orbifold Euler characteristic and K-theory
7 Stringy products in K-theory
8 Twisted version
References
Lectures on the Mapping Class Group of a Surface
Thomas Kwok-Keung Au, Feng Luo and Tian Yang
Introduction
1 Mapping class group
2 Dehn-Lickorish Theorem
3 Hyperbolic plane and hyperbolic surfaces
4 Quasi-isometry and large scale geometry
5 Dehn-Nielsen Theorem
References
Lectures on Orbifolds and Reflection Groups
Michael W. Davis
1 Transformation groups and orbifolds
2 2-dimensional orbifolds
3 Reflection groups
4 3-dimensional hyperbolic reflection groups
5 Aspherical orbifolds
References
Lectures on Moduli Spaces of Elliptic Curves
Richard Hain
1 Introduction to elliptic curves and the moduli problem
2 Families of elliptic curves and the universal curve
3 The orbifold M1,1
4 The orbifold ■1,1 and modular forms
5 Cubic curves and the universal curve ■→■1,1
6 The Picard groups of M1,1 and ■1,1
7 The algebraic topology of ■1,1
8 Concluding remarks
Appendix A Background on Riemann surfaces
Appendix B A very brief introduction to stacks
References
An Invitation to the Local Structures of Moduli of Genus One Stable Maps
Yi HU
1 Introduction
2 The structures of the direct image sheaf
3 Extensions of sections on the central fiber
References
Lectures on the ELSV Formula
Chiu-Chu Melissa Liu
1 Introduction
2 Hurwitz numbers and Hodge integrals
3 Equivariant cohomology and localization
4 Proof of the ELSV formula by virtual localization
References
Formulae of One-partition and Two-partition Hodge Integrals
Chiu-Chu Melissa Liu
1 Introduction
2 The Marino-Vafa formula of one-partition Hodge integrals
3 Applications of the Marifio-Vafa formula
4 Three approaches to the Marino-Vafa formula
5 Proof of Proposition 4.3
6 Generalization to the two-partition case
References
Lectures on Elements of Transformation Groups and Orbifolds
Zhi Lu
1 Topological groups and Lie groups
2 G-actions (or transformation groups) on topological spaces
3 Orbifolds
4 Homogeneous spaces and orbit types
5 Twisted product and slice
6 Equivariant cohomology
7 Davis-Januszkiewicz theory
References
The Action of the Mapping Class Group on Representation Varieties
Richard A. Wentworth
1 Introduction
2 Action of Out (π) on representation varieties
3 Action on the cohomology of the space of fiat unitary connections
4 Action on the cohomology of the SL (2, C) character variety
References 前言/序言
Transformation groups have played a fundamental role in many areas of mathematics such as differential geometry, geometric topology, algebraic topology, algebraic geometry, number theory. One of the basic reasons for their importance is that symmetries are described by groups (or rather group actions). Indeed, the existence of group actions makes the spaces under study more interesting, and properties of groups can also be understood better by studying their actions on suitable spaces.
Quotients of smooth manifolds by group actions are usually not smooth manifolds. On the other hand, if the actions of the groups are proper, then the quotients are orbifolds.
The notion of V-manifolds was first introduced by Satake in 1956 in the con-text of locally symmetric spaces and automorphic forms. V-manifolds were reintroduced and renamed orbifolds by Thurston near the end of 1978 in connection with the Thurston geometrization conjecture on the geometry of three dimensional manifolds. Basically, orbifolds are locally quotients of smooth manifolds by finite groups. Besides arising from transformation groups, many natural spaces in number theory and algebraic geometry are orbifolds.
《几何分析与偏微分方程中的新视野》 图书简介 本书汇集了当代几何分析与偏微分方程(PDE)领域前沿研究的最新成果与深刻见解,旨在为该领域的学者、高级研究生以及对数学物理交叉领域感兴趣的专业人士提供一个全面、深入的学习与参考平台。全书结构严谨,内容涵盖了从经典理论的现代重构到尖端问题的最新突破,特别强调了分析工具在解决几何与拓扑挑战中的强大作用。 本书的组织逻辑遵循从基础框架到复杂模型的递进路线。首先,第一部分专注于几何结构的分析基础,重点探讨了黎曼几何中测地线方程的正则性与解的稳定性问题。我们深入剖析了由拉普拉斯-贝尔特拉米算子(Laplace-Beltrami operator)在各种复杂流形上引发的谱理论,并将其应用于曲率流(如里奇流,Ricci Flow)的动力学研究。书中详细阐述了关于奇异点形成机制的分析技术,特别是如何利用能量泛函的极小化性质来理解流动的长期行为。一个重要章节专门讨论了具有边界或锥形奇点的几何空间的局部分析,这对于理解几何对象的渐近行为至关重要。 第二部分将焦点转向非线性偏微分方程。这部分的核心内容围绕可压缩与不可压缩流体的动力学模型展开,例如Navier-Stokes方程和Euler方程。本书摒弃了传统的教科书式介绍,转而侧重于现代分析工具,如Bony的重整化群(Renormalization Group)方法和关于小数据解的全局存在性证明的最新进展。特别地,我们探讨了在特定物理约束下(如等熵或等温条件)如何利用傅里叶积分算子(Fourier Integral Operators)来精确描述激波(Shock Waves)的形成与传播,并讨论了这些非线性方程在不同空间维度上的定性差异。 紧接着,第三部分深入到几何分析与规范场理论的交叉领域。本部分详细考察了Chern-Simons理论在三维流形上的作用,以及Yang-Mills理论的能量最小化问题。我们详尽地介绍了Seiberg-Witten不变式的计算框架,并讨论了如何通过Morse理论的几何化思想来分析规范群的连通性。对于紧致流形上的调和映照(Harmonic Maps)问题,书中不仅回顾了Uhlencbeck和Sacks-Uhlenbeck的经典工作,还引入了关于映照类群(Mapping Class Group)作用下解的跳跃现象(Jumping Phenomenon)的最新研究,这直接关联到复杂曲面的拓扑分类。 第四部分是关于退化椭圆型方程与概率方法。在这一部分,我们探索了那些系数矩阵失去良性性质的方程,例如某些类型的非均匀椭圆型方程和退化的泊松方程。这部分内容尤其关注于随机过程在解决确定性问题中的应用,例如利用欧拉-拉格朗日方程(Euler-Lagrange equations)的随机梯度下降法来逼近极小化问题的解。我们详细阐述了“粘性解”(Viscosity Solutions)的概念,这对于处理具有不规则非线性项的Hamilton-Jacobi方程至关重要,并展示了如何利用概率表示来克服经典解理论中的困难。 第五部分着眼于动力系统的稳定性与 KAM 理论的推广。传统的可积系统理论在非可积性出现时会迅速失效。本书在这一部分展示了如何利用KAM(Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser)理论的现代技术,如快速收敛的迭代方法和改进的波恩哈特引理(Poincaré–Dulac series),来证明在微小摄动下系统依然保持稳定或产生局部分裂的现象。我们特别关注了高维哈密顿系统在相空间中不变环面的存在性问题,以及如何利用小波分析(Wavelet Analysis)来更有效地分解系统的复杂动力学行为。 第六部分作为全书的收官,聚焦于高维空间中的非线性扩散与集值解。对于非线性热方程和非线性Schrödinger方程(NLS),本书分析了自相似解(Self-similar Solutions)的存在性与稳定性,特别是在临界指数情况下,解的爆破行为(Blow-up behavior)被赋予了严格的分析解释。最后,我们讨论了非局部算子(Non-local operators),例如分数拉普拉斯算子,它们在描述介质的非局部相互作用中扮演关键角色。书中展示了如何利用这些算子来研究广义意义上的变分问题,并探讨了其在非线性概率论中的应用。 全书的写作风格力求精确而富有洞察力,避免了过于繁琐的背景回顾,而是直接切入核心的分析技巧和当前研究的前沿。文中包含了大量未在标准教材中出现的现代论证技巧,旨在激发读者对该领域更深层次的思考与探索。书中的每一个结论都建立在严谨的数学逻辑之上,并辅以详细的推导过程,确保了内容的可信赖性和深度。本书不依赖于任何特定代数拓扑或微分几何的预设知识,但要求读者具备扎实的实分析和泛函分析基础。