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《變換群與麯綫模空間》是由高等教育齣版社齣版的。 內容簡介
Transformation groups have played a fundamental role in many areas of mathematics such as differential geometry, geometric topology, algebraic topology, algebraic geometry, number theory. Ore of the basic reasons for their importance is that symmetries are described by groups (or rather group actions). Quotients of smooth manifolds by group actions are usually not smooth manifolds. On the other hand, if the actions of the groups are proper, then the quotients are orbifolds. An important example is given by the action of the mapping class groups on the Teichmuller spaces, and the quotients give the moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces (or algebraic curves) and are orbifolds.
This book consists of expanded lecture' notes of two summer schools Transformation Groups and Orbifolds and Geometry of Teichmuller Spaces and Moduli Spaces of Curves in 2008 and will be a valuable source for people to learn transformation groups, orbifolds, Teichmuller spaces, mapping class groups, moduli soaces of curves and related topics. 目錄
Lectures on Orbifolds and Group Cohomology
Alejandro Adem and Michele Klaus
1 Introduction
2 Classical orbifolds
3 Examples of orbifolds
4 Orbifolds and manifolds
5 Orbifolds and groupoids
6 The orbifold Euler characteristic and K-theory
7 Stringy products in K-theory
8 Twisted version
References
Lectures on the Mapping Class Group of a Surface
Thomas Kwok-Keung Au, Feng Luo and Tian Yang
Introduction
1 Mapping class group
2 Dehn-Lickorish Theorem
3 Hyperbolic plane and hyperbolic surfaces
4 Quasi-isometry and large scale geometry
5 Dehn-Nielsen Theorem
References
Lectures on Orbifolds and Reflection Groups
Michael W. Davis
1 Transformation groups and orbifolds
2 2-dimensional orbifolds
3 Reflection groups
4 3-dimensional hyperbolic reflection groups
5 Aspherical orbifolds
References
Lectures on Moduli Spaces of Elliptic Curves
Richard Hain
1 Introduction to elliptic curves and the moduli problem
2 Families of elliptic curves and the universal curve
3 The orbifold M1,1
4 The orbifold ■1,1 and modular forms
5 Cubic curves and the universal curve ■→■1,1
6 The Picard groups of M1,1 and ■1,1
7 The algebraic topology of ■1,1
8 Concluding remarks
Appendix A Background on Riemann surfaces
Appendix B A very brief introduction to stacks
References
An Invitation to the Local Structures of Moduli of Genus One Stable Maps
Yi HU
1 Introduction
2 The structures of the direct image sheaf
3 Extensions of sections on the central fiber
References
Lectures on the ELSV Formula
Chiu-Chu Melissa Liu
1 Introduction
2 Hurwitz numbers and Hodge integrals
3 Equivariant cohomology and localization
4 Proof of the ELSV formula by virtual localization
References
Formulae of One-partition and Two-partition Hodge Integrals
Chiu-Chu Melissa Liu
1 Introduction
2 The Marino-Vafa formula of one-partition Hodge integrals
3 Applications of the Marifio-Vafa formula
4 Three approaches to the Marino-Vafa formula
5 Proof of Proposition 4.3
6 Generalization to the two-partition case
References
Lectures on Elements of Transformation Groups and Orbifolds
Zhi Lu
1 Topological groups and Lie groups
2 G-actions (or transformation groups) on topological spaces
3 Orbifolds
4 Homogeneous spaces and orbit types
5 Twisted product and slice
6 Equivariant cohomology
7 Davis-Januszkiewicz theory
References
The Action of the Mapping Class Group on Representation Varieties
Richard A. Wentworth
1 Introduction
2 Action of Out (π) on representation varieties
3 Action on the cohomology of the space of fiat unitary connections
4 Action on the cohomology of the SL (2, C) character variety
References 前言/序言
Transformation groups have played a fundamental role in many areas of mathematics such as differential geometry, geometric topology, algebraic topology, algebraic geometry, number theory. One of the basic reasons for their importance is that symmetries are described by groups (or rather group actions). Indeed, the existence of group actions makes the spaces under study more interesting, and properties of groups can also be understood better by studying their actions on suitable spaces.
Quotients of smooth manifolds by group actions are usually not smooth manifolds. On the other hand, if the actions of the groups are proper, then the quotients are orbifolds.
The notion of V-manifolds was first introduced by Satake in 1956 in the con-text of locally symmetric spaces and automorphic forms. V-manifolds were reintroduced and renamed orbifolds by Thurston near the end of 1978 in connection with the Thurston geometrization conjecture on the geometry of three dimensional manifolds. Basically, orbifolds are locally quotients of smooth manifolds by finite groups. Besides arising from transformation groups, many natural spaces in number theory and algebraic geometry are orbifolds.
《幾何分析與偏微分方程中的新視野》 圖書簡介 本書匯集瞭當代幾何分析與偏微分方程(PDE)領域前沿研究的最新成果與深刻見解,旨在為該領域的學者、高級研究生以及對數學物理交叉領域感興趣的專業人士提供一個全麵、深入的學習與參考平颱。全書結構嚴謹,內容涵蓋瞭從經典理論的現代重構到尖端問題的最新突破,特彆強調瞭分析工具在解決幾何與拓撲挑戰中的強大作用。 本書的組織邏輯遵循從基礎框架到復雜模型的遞進路綫。首先,第一部分專注於幾何結構的分析基礎,重點探討瞭黎曼幾何中測地綫方程的正則性與解的穩定性問題。我們深入剖析瞭由拉普拉斯-貝爾特拉米算子(Laplace-Beltrami operator)在各種復雜流形上引發的譜理論,並將其應用於麯率流(如裏奇流,Ricci Flow)的動力學研究。書中詳細闡述瞭關於奇異點形成機製的分析技術,特彆是如何利用能量泛函的極小化性質來理解流動的長期行為。一個重要章節專門討論瞭具有邊界或錐形奇點的幾何空間的局部分析,這對於理解幾何對象的漸近行為至關重要。 第二部分將焦點轉嚮非綫性偏微分方程。這部分的核心內容圍繞可壓縮與不可壓縮流體的動力學模型展開,例如Navier-Stokes方程和Euler方程。本書摒棄瞭傳統的教科書式介紹,轉而側重於現代分析工具,如Bony的重整化群(Renormalization Group)方法和關於小數據解的全局存在性證明的最新進展。特彆地,我們探討瞭在特定物理約束下(如等熵或等溫條件)如何利用傅裏葉積分算子(Fourier Integral Operators)來精確描述激波(Shock Waves)的形成與傳播,並討論瞭這些非綫性方程在不同空間維度上的定性差異。 緊接著,第三部分深入到幾何分析與規範場理論的交叉領域。本部分詳細考察瞭Chern-Simons理論在三維流形上的作用,以及Yang-Mills理論的能量最小化問題。我們詳盡地介紹瞭Seiberg-Witten不變式的計算框架,並討論瞭如何通過Morse理論的幾何化思想來分析規範群的連通性。對於緊緻流形上的調和映照(Harmonic Maps)問題,書中不僅迴顧瞭Uhlencbeck和Sacks-Uhlenbeck的經典工作,還引入瞭關於映照類群(Mapping Class Group)作用下解的跳躍現象(Jumping Phenomenon)的最新研究,這直接關聯到復雜麯麵的拓撲分類。 第四部分是關於退化橢圓型方程與概率方法。在這一部分,我們探索瞭那些係數矩陣失去良性性質的方程,例如某些類型的非均勻橢圓型方程和退化的泊鬆方程。這部分內容尤其關注於隨機過程在解決確定性問題中的應用,例如利用歐拉-拉格朗日方程(Euler-Lagrange equations)的隨機梯度下降法來逼近極小化問題的解。我們詳細闡述瞭“粘性解”(Viscosity Solutions)的概念,這對於處理具有不規則非綫性項的Hamilton-Jacobi方程至關重要,並展示瞭如何利用概率錶示來剋服經典解理論中的睏難。 第五部分著眼於動力係統的穩定性與 KAM 理論的推廣。傳統的可積係統理論在非可積性齣現時會迅速失效。本書在這一部分展示瞭如何利用KAM(Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser)理論的現代技術,如快速收斂的迭代方法和改進的波恩哈特引理(Poincaré–Dulac series),來證明在微小攝動下係統依然保持穩定或産生局部分裂的現象。我們特彆關注瞭高維哈密頓係統在相空間中不變環麵的存在性問題,以及如何利用小波分析(Wavelet Analysis)來更有效地分解係統的復雜動力學行為。 第六部分作為全書的收官,聚焦於高維空間中的非綫性擴散與集值解。對於非綫性熱方程和非綫性Schrödinger方程(NLS),本書分析瞭自相似解(Self-similar Solutions)的存在性與穩定性,特彆是在臨界指數情況下,解的爆破行為(Blow-up behavior)被賦予瞭嚴格的分析解釋。最後,我們討論瞭非局部算子(Non-local operators),例如分數拉普拉斯算子,它們在描述介質的非局部相互作用中扮演關鍵角色。書中展示瞭如何利用這些算子來研究廣義意義上的變分問題,並探討瞭其在非綫性概率論中的應用。 全書的寫作風格力求精確而富有洞察力,避免瞭過於繁瑣的背景迴顧,而是直接切入核心的分析技巧和當前研究的前沿。文中包含瞭大量未在標準教材中齣現的現代論證技巧,旨在激發讀者對該領域更深層次的思考與探索。書中的每一個結論都建立在嚴謹的數學邏輯之上,並輔以詳細的推導過程,確保瞭內容的可信賴性和深度。本書不依賴於任何特定代數拓撲或微分幾何的預設知識,但要求讀者具備紮實的實分析和泛函分析基礎。