决策与神经经济学 Animal Communication:Honesty and Deception Decision-Making and Neuroeconomics Decision-Making and Vision Decision-Making in Financial Markets Delayed Reinforcement:Economics Delayed Reinforcement:Neuroscience Game Theory and the Economics of Animal Communication Games in Monkeys:Neurophysiology and Motor Decision-Making Neuroeconomics:History Neuroethological Perspective Reasoning and Problem Solving:Models Reward Decision-Making Social Cognition Social Interaction
执行功能与高级认知 Agnosia Alexia Anmesia:Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory Animal Models of Amnesia Attention and Eye Movements Attention:Models Attentional Functions in Learning and Memory Attentional Mechanisms in Ventral Pathway Attentional Networks Attentional Networks in the Parietal Cortex Brain-Computer Interface Cognition:An Overview of Neuroimaging Techniques Cognition:Basal Ganglia Role Cognition:Cerebellum Role Cognition:Neuropharmacology Cognitive Control and Development Cognitive Neuroscience:An Overview Emotion and Vigilance Emotional Influences on Memory and Attention Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition:Assessment in Animals Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition:Computational Models Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition:Definition and Neural Substrates Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition:EEG Studies Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition:Neuroimaging Executive Functions:Eye Movements and Neuropsychiatric Disorders Frontal Lobe Syndrome Functional Amnesia Hemispheric Specialization and Cognition Human Methods:Psychophysics Humans Inhibitory Control over Action and Memory Neglect Syndrome and the Spatial Attention Network Neural Coding of Spatial Representations Neuropsychological Testing Parietal Cortex and Spatial Attention Perception and Eye Movements Prefrontal Cortex Prefrontal Cortex:Structure and Anatomy Prosopagnosia Psychophysics of Attention Referentiality and Concepts in Animal Cognition Sleep Deprivation and Brain Function Social Interaction Effects on Reward and Cognitive Abilities in Monkeys Spatial Cognition Spatial Cognition and Executive Function Spatial Cognitive Maps Spatial Orientation:Our Whole-Body Motion and Orientation Sense Strategic Control of Memory Task Switching Vestibular Influences on Cognition Vision:Mechanisms of Orientation,Direction and Depth Visual Attention Working Memory:Capacity Limitations
半球特化 Brain Asymmetry :Evolution Dichotic Listening Studies of Brain Asymmetry Hemispheric Specialization and Cognition Split-Brain Patients
振荡神经活性 Central Pattern Generators Central Pattern Generators:Sensory Feedback Gap Junctions and Neuronal Oscillations Information Coding Neural Oscillators and Dynamical Systems Models Neuronal Pacemaking Pulsatility in Neuroendocrine Systems Sleep Oscillations Sleep Oscillations and PGO Waves Spiking Neuron Models Swim Oscillator Networks 原书词条中英对照表
精彩书摘
Despite the vocal criticism of mainstream elements inboth communities, these social and technologicaltrends led to a convergence of interest among agroup of economists, neuroscientists, and cognitivepsychologists in the late 1990s. This community ofscholars, who began to call themselves neuroeconomists around 2002 or 2003, aggregated around asmall set of meetings and papers during this period.Although the first explicitly neuroeconomic paperspreceded the first interdisciplinary workshops by several years, these meetings were probably the criticalstep that allowed these social and natural scientists todevelop a common language.
前言/序言
什么是百科全书?这一名词来自于两个希腊单词:enkuklios(意思是循环的)和paideia(意思是教育)。在16世纪早期,拉丁手稿的抄写者们将这两个单词合而为一,其在英语中演化为一个单词,意思是具有广泛指导意义的工具书(The American Heritage Dictionary,2000,Boston:Houghton Mimin,p.589)。从其来源可见,其希腊文原词中蕴含着以探索、综合的方式努力获取知识的含义。无论是拉丁文还是英文,该单词泛指涵盖广泛领域知识的工具书。 希腊文中强调的以创造性手段获取知识,在神经科学领域尤其适用。神经科学本身就是一个非常新的名词。Francis Schmitt在本书第一版的前言中指出,本书的编写过程就是将不同领域的科学家们聚集在一起,冲击大脑研究中最顽固的难题。他推动建立了神经科学研究项目(Neuroscience Research。Program,简称NRP)。早期的NRP成员包括一些学术巨匠,如因关于光合作用的研究获得诺贝尔奖的Melvin Calvin、诺贝尔奖获得者物理化学家Manfred Eigen、生物化学家Albert Lehninger,和当时正在努力破解基因编码的年轻分子生物学家MarshallNirenberg。 Schmitt建立NRP的时候,神经科学作为一门综合学科还几乎不存在。微电极的发明使神经生理学家们得以记录单细胞的电活动,但是几乎不可能甄别其生物化学特性。一个重要的推进来自20世纪60年代中期涌现的Falck-Hillarp荧光显微镜技术,它能够选择性地观察儿茶酚胺和5一羟色胺能神经元。这些胺类通路的研究又很快使得检测选择性损伤后效应的行为学家们和生化学家们开始合作研究,使得后者的工作不再局限于在整个脑组织匀浆的水平研究神经递质。20世纪70年代关于神经递质受体的生化研究、它们位点的放射自显影研究,以及神经多肽的免疫组织化学研究,更是进一步促进了神经生理学家、神经解剖学家、神经化学家和神经药理学家们的对话。而过去两个世纪以来,分子生物学技术手段的应用更加丰富了这一交流。 神经科学的爆炸性发展也体现在神经科学学会(Society for Neuroscience,SFN)的历史上。SFN于1970年(译者注:SFN网站中所写的时间为1969年)由几百名研究人员在华盛顿特区创立,首任会长是Vernon Mountcastle。而当我于1980年担任会长时,会员人数已经增长到7000人。我当时的一个主要任务是应对关于学会存在合理性的争论。有人认为“我们学会的科学家人数太多了。应当将其一分为二,如实验类的和理论类的”。与此相反,为了强调该领域的整体特点,我们推出了《神经科学杂志》(Journal of Neuroscience)。同时,我们认为学会的增长可能会最终进入平台期,精心的会议组织将可以避免会员个人“在会议的人潮中迷失”。现在看来,我当时关于平台期的预言偏离了实际。截至2007年5月,神经科学学会的会员人数已经超过了38000名,其中超过35000人参加每年的年会,这样的规模超过了其他任何生物医学类的学会。