內容簡介
Since the early work of Gauss and Riemann, differential geometry has grown into a vast network of ideas and approaches, encompassing local considerations such as differential invariants and jets as well as global ideas, such as Morse theory and characteristic classes: In this volume of the Encyclopaedia, the authors give a tour of the principal areas and methods of modern differential geometry. The book is structured so that the reader may choose parts of the text to read and still take away a completed picture ofsome area ofdifferential geometry Beginning at the introductory level with curves in Euclidean
space, the sections become more challenging. arriving finally at the advanced topics which form the greatest part of the book:transformation groups. the geometry of differential equations,geometric structures, the equivalence problem the geometry ofelliptic operators, G-structures and contact geometry. As an overview of the major current methods of differential geometry, EMS 28 is a map of these different ideas which explains the interesting points at every
stop, The authors' intention is that the reader should gain a new understanding of geometry from the process of reading this survey.
內頁插圖
目錄
Preface
Chaptcr 1.Introduction:A Metamathematical View of Differential Geometry
1.Algebra and Geometry—theDuality of the Intellect
2.Two Examples:Algebraic Geometry,Propositional Logic and Set Theory
3.On the History of Geometry
4.Differential Calculus and Commutative Algebra
5.What is Differential Geometry?
Chapter2.The Geometry of Surfaces
1.Curves in Euclidean Space
1.1.Curves
1.2.The Natural Parametrization and the intrinsic Geometry of Curves
1.3.Curvature.The Frenet Frame
1.4.Affine and Unimodular Properties of Curves
2.Surfaces in E3
2.1.Surfaces Charts
2.2.The First Quadratic Form.The Intrinsic Geometry of a Surface
2.3.The Second Quadratic Form.The Extrinsic Geometry of a Surface
2.4.Derivation Formulae.The First and Second Quadratic Forms
2.5.The Geodesic Curvature of Curves Geodesics
2.6.Parallel Transport of Tangent Vectors on a Surface.Covariant Differentiation.Connection 2.7.Deficiencies of Loops,the“Theorema Egregium”of Gauss and the Gauss—Bonnet Formula 2.8.The Link Between the First and Second Quadratic Forms.
The Gauss Equation and the Peterson—Mainardi—Codazzi Equations
2.9.The Moving Frame Method in the Theory of Surfaces
2.10.A Complete System of lnvariants of a Surface
3.Multidimensional Surfaces
3.1.n—Dimensional Surfaces in En+p.
3.2.Covariant Differentiation and the Second Quadratic Form
3.3.Normal Connection on a Surface.The Derivation Formulae
3.4.The Multidimensional Version of the Gauss—Peterson Mainardi—Codazzi Equations.Ricci’sTheorem 3.5.The Geometrical Meaning and Algebraic Properties of the Curvature Tensor 3.6.Hypersurfaces.Mean Curvatures.The Fonnulae of Steiner and Weyl 3.7.Rigidity of Multidimensional Surfaces
Chapter 3.The Field Approach of Riemann
1.From the Intrinsic Geometry of Gauss to Riemannian Geometrv
1.1.The Essence of Riemann’s Approach
1.2.Intrinsic Description of Surfaces
1.3.The Field Point of View on Geometry
1.4.Two Examples
2.Manifolds and Bundles(the BasicConcepts)
2.1 Why Do We Need Manifolds?
2.2.Definition of a Manifold
2.3.The Category of Smooth Manifolds
2.4.Smooth Bundles
3.Tensor Fields and Differential Forms
3.1.Tangent Vectors
3.2.The Tangent Bundle and Vector Fields
3.3 Covectors,the Cotangent Bundle and Differential Forms of the First Degree 3.4.Tensors and Tensor Fields
3.5.The Behaviour of Tensor Fields Under Maps.The Lie Derivative
3.6.The Exterior Differential.The de Rham Complex
4.Riemannian Manifolds and Manifolds with a Linear COnnectiOn
4.1.Riemannian Metric
4.2.Construction of Riemannian Metrics
4.3.Linear Connections
4.4.Normal Coordinates
4.5.A Riemannian Manifold as a Metric Space Completeness
4.6.Curvature
4.7.The Algebraic Structure of the Curvature Tensor.The Ricci and Weyl Tensors and Scalar Curvature
4.8.Sectional Curvature.Spaces of Constant Curvature
4.9.The Holonomy Group and the de Rham Decomposition
4.10.The Berger—Claass—ification of Holonomy Groups·Kahler and Quaternion Manifolds.
5.The Geometry of Symbols
5.1.Differential Operators in Bundles
5.2.Symbols of Differential Operators
5.3.Connections and Quantization.
5.4.Poisson Bracketsand Hamiltonian Formalism
5.5.Poissonian and Symplectic Structures
5.6.Left.Invariant Hamiltonian Formalism on Lie Groups
Chapter 4.The Group Approach of Lie and Klein.The Geometry of Transformation Groups.
1.Symmetries in Geometry
1.1.Symmetries and Groups
1.2.Symmetry and Integrability
1.3.KIein’S Erlangen Programme.
2.Homogeneous Spaces
2.1.Lie Groups
2.2.The Action ofthe Lie Group on a Manifold
2.3.Correspondence Between Lie Groups and Lie Algebras
2.4.Infinitesimal Description of Homogeneous Spaces
2.5.The Isotropy Representation.Order of a Homogeneous Space
2.6.The Principle of Extension.Invariant Tensor Fields on Homogeneous Spaces
2.7.Primitive and Imprimitive Actions
3.Invariant Connections on a Homogeneous Space
3.1.A General Description
3.2.Reductive Homogeneous Spaces
3.3.Atline Symmetric Spaces
4.Homogeneous Riemannian Manifolds
4.1.Infinitesimal Description
4.2.Thc Link Between Curvature and the Structure of the GrouP of Motions
4.3.Naturally Reductive Spaces
4.4.Symmetric Riemannian Spaces
4.5.Holonomy Groups of Homogeneous Riemannian Manifolds
Kahlerian and Quaternion Homogeneous Spaces
5.Homogeneous Symplectic Manifolds
5.1.Motivation and Definitions
5.2.Examoles
5.3.Homogeneous Hamiltonian Manifolds
5.4.Homogeneous Symplectic Manifolds and Affine Actions
Chapter 5.The Geometry of Differential Equations
1.Elementary Geometry of a First—Order Differential Equation
1.1 Ordinary Differential Equations
1.2.The General Case.
1.3.Geometrical Integration
2.Contact Geometry and Lie’s Theory of First.Order Equations
2.1.Contact Structure on J1
2.2.Generalized Solutions and Integral Manifolds ofthe Contact Structure 2.3 Contact Transformations
2.4.Contact Vector Fields
2.5 The Cauchy Problem
2.6.Symmetries.Local Equivalence
3.The Geometry ofDistributions
3.1 Distributions
3.2.A Distribution of Codimension I.The Theorem Of DarbOux.
3.3.Involutive Systems of Equations
3.4.The Intrinsic and Extrinsic Geometrv of First_Order Differential Equations 4.Spaces ofJets and Differential Equations
4.1.Jets.
4.2.The Caftan Distribution
4.3 Lie Transformations
4.4 Intrinsic and ExtrinsicGeometries
5.The Theory of Compatibility and Formal Integrabilitv
5.1.Prolongations ofDifferential Equations
5.2.Formal Integrability
5.3.Symbols
5.4.The Spencer δ—Cohomology
5.5.Involutivity
6.Cartan’S Theory of Systems in Involution
6.1 PolarSystems,Characters and Genres
6.2.Involutivity and Cartan’S Existence Theorems
7.The Geometry of Infinitely Prolonged Equations
7.1.What is a Differential Equation?
7.2.Infinitely Prolonged Equations
7.3.C—Maps and Higher Symmetries
Chapter 6.Geometric Structures
1.GeometricQuantities and Geometric Structures
1.1 What is a Geometric Quantity?
1.2.Bundles of Frames and Coframes
1.3.Geometric Quantities(Structures)as Equivariant Functions
on the Manifold of Coframes
1.4.Examples.Infinitesimally Homogeneous Geometric Structures
1.5.Natural Geometric Structures and the Principle of Covanance
……
Chapter7.The Equivalence Problem,Differential Invariants and Pseudogroups
Chapter8.Global Aspects of Differential Geometry
Commentary on the References
References
Author Index
Subject Index
前言/序言
要使我國的數學事業更好地發展起來,需要數學傢淡泊名利並付齣更艱苦地努力。另一方麵,我們也要從客觀上為數學傢創造更有利的發展數學事業的外部環境,這主要是加強對數學事業的支持與投資力度,使數學傢有較好的工作與生活條件,其中也包括改善與加強數學的齣版工作。
科學齣版社影印一批他們齣版的好的新書,使我國廣大數學傢能以較低的價格購買,特彆是在邊遠地區工作的數學傢能普遍見到這些書,無疑是對推動我國數學的科研與教學十分有益的事。
這次科學齣版社購買瞭版權,一次影印瞭23本施普林格齣版社齣版的數學書,就是一件好事,也是值得繼續做下去的事情。大體上分一下,這23本書中,包括基礎數學書5本,應用數學書6本與計算數學書12本,其中有些書也具有交叉性質。這些書都是很新的,2000年以後齣版的占絕大部分,共計16本,其餘的也是1990年以後齣版的。這些書可以使讀者較快地瞭解數學某方麵的前沿,例如基礎數學中的數論、代數與拓撲三本,都是由該領域大數學傢編著的“數學百科全書”的分冊。對從事這方麵研究的數學傢瞭解該領域的前沿與全貌很有幫助。按照學科的特點,基礎數學類的書以“經典”為主,應用和計算數學類的書以“前沿”為主。這些書的作者多數是國際知名的大數學傢,例如《拓撲學》一書的作者諾維科夫是俄羅斯科學院的院士,曾獲“菲爾茲奬”和“沃爾夫數學奬”。這些大數學傢的著作無疑將會對我國的科研人員起到非常好的指導作用。
當然,23本書隻能涵蓋數學的一部分,所以,這項工作還應該繼續做下去。更進一步,有些讀者麵較廣的好書還應該翻譯成中文齣版,使之有更大的讀者群。
總之,我對科學齣版社影印施普林格齣版社的部分數學著作這一舉措錶示熱烈的支持,並盼望這一工作取得更大的成績。
好的,這是一本關於國外數學名著係列(續一 影印版)55:幾何I 微分幾何基本思想與概念的圖書簡介,內容詳實,旨在介紹該書的核心內容和價值,同時避免提及其他書籍。 --- 《國外數學名著係列(續一 影印版)55:幾何I 微分幾何基本思想與概念》 導言:現代幾何學的基石 本書精選自享譽國際的數學經典譯叢,聚焦於微分幾何這一現代數學的基石領域。微分幾何作為連接代數、分析與拓撲學的橋梁,深刻地影響瞭從理論物理到工程應用的諸多領域。本捲《幾何I:微分幾何基本思想與概念》旨在為讀者構建一個清晰、嚴謹且直觀的微分幾何入門框架,是深入理解該學科的必讀之作。它並非對所有現代幾何分支的窮盡,而是精心挑選並闡述瞭理解更高級概念所必需的初始工具和核心思想。 內容精要與結構解析 本書的編寫脈絡清晰,結構嚴謹,力求在數學的抽象性與幾何的直觀性之間找到完美的平衡點。全書圍繞流形(Manifolds)這一中心概念展開,通過層層遞進的方式,引導讀者逐步掌握微分幾何的語言和基本運算。 第一部分:預備知識與歐幾裏得空間中的麯綫與麯麵 在正式進入流形理論之前,作者首先為讀者夯實瞭必要的預備知識。這部分內容迴顧瞭必要的微積分知識,特彆是多變量微積分中的微分形式和張量分析的初步概念。隨後,內容轉嚮對歐幾裏得空間 $mathbb{R}^n$ 中麯綫和麯麵的經典研究。 麯綫論(Curves in $mathbb{R}^3$): 詳細闡述瞭麯綫的參數化、撓率(Torsion)和麯率(Curvature)的概念。此處的核心在於弗雷內-塞雷(Frenet-Serret)公式的推導與應用,該公式是理解空間麯綫局部幾何性質的根本工具。讀者將深入理解如何用局部坐標係來描述麯綫的彎麯程度。 麯麵論(Surfaces in $mathbb{R}^3$): 這是本書的第一個高潮點。麯麵的研究需要引入第一、第二基本形式。第一基本形式揭示瞭麯麵的內蘊度量性質(如長度、麵積),而第二基本形式則描述瞭麯麵在三維空間中的外在彎麯情況。作者細緻地解釋瞭主麯率(Principal Curvatures)、高斯麯率(Gaussian Curvature)和平均麯率(Mean Curvature)的定義及其物理意義。特彆是,對高斯麯率的深入探討,為後續理解高斯絕妙定理(Theorema Egregium)奠定瞭基礎,該定理強調瞭麯率作為內蘊幾何量的重要性。 第二部分:微分流形的基礎構建 本書的核心價值在於其對光滑流形(Smooth Manifolds)的係統化介紹。這是從經典幾何邁嚮現代微分幾何的關鍵一步。 拓撲流形與光滑結構: 作者首先定義瞭拓撲流形,強調瞭其作為“局部歐幾裏得空間”的本質。隨後引入瞭坐標卡(Coordinate Charts)、過渡函數(Transition Maps),並定義瞭光滑結構。這種嚴謹的定義確保瞭流形上微分運算的可行性。 切空間與嚮量場: 在流形上定義導數需要一個局部化的概念,即切空間(Tangent Space) $T_pM$。本書詳細講解瞭切嚮量的定義——通常通過導數算子的方式引入——並解釋瞭它如何捕捉瞭流形上麯綫的瞬時方嚮。在此基礎上,嚮量場(Vector Fields)被定義為光滑地在每一點指定一個切嚮量的場,這是描述物理量(如速度、力場)的必備工具。 張量場與張量代數: 為瞭更有效地處理和轉化幾何量,張量理論是不可或缺的。本書介紹瞭協變(Covariant)和反變(Contravariant)張量的區彆與性質,並探討瞭張量場的代數運算,為後續的微分運算做鋪墊。 第三部分:微分形式與流形上的積分 幾何的分析性研究離不開微分形式。本部分是連接幾何與微積分的橋梁。 微分形式(Differential Forms): 遵循德拉姆上同調(de Rham Cohomology)的思想路徑,本書引入瞭1-形式和$k$-形式的概念,並將它們視為切空間的對偶空間上的張量。重點闡述瞭外微分(Exterior Derivative) $d$ 算子的定義及其關鍵性質,特彆是$d^2=0$的深刻內涵。 積分與Stokes定理: 在流形上進行積分,需要依賴於定嚮的概念。本書詳細討論瞭定嚮(Orientation),並引入瞭定嚮流形上的積分。最終,作者展示瞭經典的Stokes定理在流形上的推廣形式,這是將局部微分運算與全局積分性質聯係起來的最強大的工具,是微分幾何分析部分的頂點。 本書的特色與價值 本影印版繼承瞭原著嚴謹的數學論證風格,同時輔以大量的幾何直觀解釋,使其既適閤作為專業數學研究生的初級教材,也適閤希望掌握現代幾何學核心概念的物理學傢和工程師。 1. 概念的深度與廣度適中: 作為“幾何I”,它精準地定位在基礎概念的建立上,避免瞭陷入過於專業的代數拓撲或黎曼幾何的細節,確保讀者能夠紮實地掌握微分幾何的“骨架”。 2. 清晰的推導路徑: 書中對關鍵定理(如高斯絕妙定理、Stokes定理)的推導過程力求詳盡,幫助讀者理解“為什麼”這些概念是這樣定義的。 3. 現代視角的引入: 盡管本書立足於經典基礎,但其對流形、嚮量場和微分形式的處理方式,完全采用瞭現代微分幾何的語言,為讀者嚮更高級的黎曼幾何或辛幾何過渡提供瞭堅實的理論基礎。 閱讀本書,讀者將獲得一套強有力的數學語言,足以審視和描述彎麯空間中的各種幾何現象,是進入現代幾何世界不可或缺的“第一把鑰匙”。