内容简介
This book is a course in modern quantum field theory as seen through the eyes of a theoristworking in condensed matter physics. It contains a gentle introduction to the subject andcan therefore be used even by graduate students. The introductory parts include a deriva-tion of the path integral representation, Feynman diagrams and elements of the theory ofmetals including a discussion of Landau Fermi liquid theory. In later chapters the discus-sion gradually turns to more advanced methods used in the theory of strongly correlatedsystems. The book contains a thorough exposition of such nonperturbative techniques as1/N-expansion, bosonization (Abelian and non-Abelian), conformal field theory and theoryof integrable systems. The book is intended for graduate students, postdoctoral associatesand independent researchers working in condensed matter physics.
内页插图
目录
Preface to the first edition
Preface to the second edition
Acknowledgements for the first edition
Acknowledgements for the second edition
Ⅰ Introduction to methods
1 QFT:language and goals
2 Connection between quantum and classical: path integrals
3 Definitions of correlation functions: Wicks theorem
4 Free bosonic field in an external field
5 Perturbation theory: Feynman diagrams
6 Calculation methods for diagram series: divergences and their elimination
7 Renormalization group procedures
8 O(N)-symmetric vector model below the transition point
9 Nonlinear sigma models in two dimensions: renormalization group and 1/N-expansion
10 0(3) nonlinear sigma model in the strong coupling limit
Ⅱ Fermions
11 Path integral and Wicks theorem for fermions
12 Interacting electrons: the Fermi liquid
13 Electrodynamics in metals
14 Relativistic fermions: aspects of quantum electrodynamics (1+1)-Dimensional quantum electrodynamics (Schwinger model)
15 Aharonov-Bohm effect and transmutation of statistics
The index theorem
Quantum Hall ferromagnet
Ⅲ Strongly fluctuagng spin systems
Introduction
16 Schwinger-Wigner quantization procedure: nonlinear sigma models
Continuous field theory for a ferromagnet
Continuous field theory for an antiferromagnet
17 O(3) nonlinear sigma model in (2 + 1) dimensions: the phase diagram
Topological excitations: skyrmions
18 Order from disorder
19 Jordan-Wigner transformation for spin S = 1/2 models in D = 1, 2, 3
20 Majorana representation for spin S =1/2 magnets: relationship to Z2
lattice gauge theories
21 Path integral representations for a doped antiferromagnet
N Physics in the world of one spatial dimension
Introduction
22 Model of the free bosonic massless scalar field
23 Relevant and irrelevant fields
24 Kosterlitz-Thouless transition
25 Conformal symmetry
Gaussian model in the Hamiltonian formulation
26 Virasoro algebra
Ward identities
Subalgebra sl(2)
27 Differential equations for the correlation functions
Coulomb gas construction for the minimal models
28 Ising model
Ising model as a minimal model
Quantum lsing model
Order and disorder operators Correlation functions outside the critical point Deformations of the Ising model
29 One-dimensional spinless fermions: Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid
Single-electron correlator in the presence of Coulomb interaction
Spin S = 1/2 Heisenberg chain
Explicit expression for the dynamical magnetic susceptibility
30 One-dimensional fermions with spin: spin-charge separation
Bosonic form of the SU1 (2) Kac-Moody algebra
Spin S = 1/2 Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid
Incommensurate charge density wave
Half-filled band
31 Kac-Moody algebras: Wess-Zumino——Novikov-Witten model
Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov (KZ) equations
Conformal embedding
SUI(2) WZNW model and spin S = 1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet
SU2(2) WZNW model and the Ising model
32 Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten model in the Lagrangian form:
non-Abelian bosonization
33 Semiclassical approach to Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten models
34 Integrable models: dynamical mass generation
General properties of integrable models
Correlation functions: the sine-Gordon model
Perturbations of spin S = 1/2 Heisenberg chain: confinement
35 A comparative study of dynamical mass generation in one and three dimensions
Single-electron Greens function in a one-dimensional charge density wave state
36 One-dimensional spin liquids: spin ladder and spin S = 1 Heisenberg chain
Spin ladder
Correlation functions
Spin S = 1 antiferromagnets
37 Kondo chain
38 Gauge fixing in non-Abelian theories: (1+1)-dimensional quantum
chromodynamics
Select bibliography
Index
精彩书摘
The related problem is a long-standing problem of the Kondo lattice or, in more generalwords, the problem of the coexistence of conduction electrons and local magnetic moments.We have discussed this problem very briefly in Chapter 21, where it was mentioned that thisremains one of the biggest unsolved problems in condensed matter physics. The only part ofit which is well understood concerns a situation where localized electrons are representedby a single local magnetic moment (the Kondo problem). In this case we know that thelocal moment is screened at low temperatures by conduction electrons and the ground stateis a singlet. The formation of this singlet state is a nonperturbative process which affectselectrons very far from the impurity. The relevant energy scale (the Kondo temperature) isexponentially small in the exchange coupling constant. It still remains unclear how conduc-tion and localized electrons reconcile with each other when the local moments are arrangedregularly (Kondo lattice problem). Empirically, Kondo lattices resemble metals with verysmall Fermi energies of the order of several degrees. It is widely believed that conductionand localized electrons in Kondo lattices hybridize at low temperatures to create a singlenarrow band (see the discussion in Chapter 21). However, our understanding of the detailsof this process remains vague. The most interesting problem is how the localized electronscontribute to the volume of the Fermi sea (according to the large-N approximation, they docontribute). The most dramatic effect of this contribution is expected to occur in systemswith one conduction electron and one spin per unit cell. Such systems must be insulators(the so-called Kondo insulator).The available experimental data apparently support thispoint of view: all compounds with an odd number of conduction electrons per spin areinsulators (Aeppli and Fisk, 1992). At low temperatures they behave as semiconductorswith very small gaps of the order of several degrees. The marked exception is FeSi wherethe size of the gap is estimated as——,700 K (Schlesinger et al., 1993).
前言/序言
The objective of this book is to familiarize the reader with the recent achievements ofquantum field theory (henceforth abbreviated as QFT). The book is oriented primarilytowards condensed matter physicists but, I hope, can be of some interest to physicists inother fields. In the last fifteen years QFT has advanced greatly and changed its languageand style. Alas, the fruits of this rapid progress are still unavailable to the vast democraticmajority of graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and even those senior researchers whohave not participated directly in this change. This cultural gap is a great obstacle to thecommunication of ideas in the condensed matter community. The only way to reduce thisis to have as many books covering these new achievements as possible. A few good booksalready exist; these are cited in the select bibliography at the end of the book. Havingstudied them I found, however, that there was still room for my humble contribution. Inthe process of writing I have tried to keep things as simple as possible; the amount offormalism is reduced to a minimum. Again, in order to make life easier for the newcomer, Ibegin the discussion with such traditional subjects as path integrals and Feynman diagrams.It is assumed, however, that the reader is already familiar with these subjects and thecorresponding chapters are intended to refresh the memory. I would recommend those whoare just starting their research in this area to read the first chapters in parallel with someintroductory course in QFT. There are plenty of such courses, including the evergreen bookby Abrikosov, Gorkov and Dzyaloshinsky. I was trained with this book and thoroughlyrecommend it.
Why study quantum field theory? For a condensed matter theorist as, I believe, for otherphysicists, there are several reasons for studying this discipline. The first is that QFT providessome wonderful and powerful tools for our research, The results achieved with these toolsare innumerable; knowledge of their secrets is a key to success for any decent theorist.The second reason is that these tools are also very elegant and beautiful. This makes theprocess of scientific research very pleasant indeed. I do not think that this is an accidentalcoincidence; it is my strong belief that aesthetic criteria are as important in science asempirical ones. Beauty and truth cannot be separated, because beauty is truth realized(Viadimir Solovyev). The history of science strongly supports this belief: all great physicaltheories are at the same time beautiful.
凝聚态物理学中的量子场论(第2版)图书简介 本书深入探讨了凝聚态物理学领域中量子场论(QFT)的核心概念、方法论及其在复杂物质系统中的应用。作为第二版,本书在保留第一版精髓的基础上,融入了近年来该领域取得的重大进展,尤其是在拓扑物态、低能有效场论、以及新型量子材料研究方面。全书结构严谨,内容详实,旨在为研究生、博士后研究人员以及致力于此领域的理论物理学家提供一个全面且深入的学习资源。 第一部分:基础与形式体系 本书的开篇部分奠定了量子场论在凝聚态背景下所需的理论基础。它并非侧重于高能物理中标准的拉格朗日量形式,而是着重于如何将统计力学与量子场论的框架有效地结合起来。 1. 统计物理与场论的桥梁: 详细介绍了在有限温度下的量子系统如何使用有限温度场论(Temperature Field Theory)进行描述。这包括对围道积分(Matsubara Formalism)的深入剖析,从微观的费米子和玻色子系统出发,构建其热力学量。 2. 泛函积分方法(Functional Integration): 阐述了使用泛函积分(路径积分)方法处理多体问题的高效性。重点讨论了如何将多体格林函数与泛函积分联系起来,特别是如何处理相互作用系统的配分函数。 3. 场重整化群(Renormalization Group, RG): RG是理解凝聚态相变和临界现象的关键工具。本书系统地介绍了重整化群的思想,从经典的Kadanoff重标度到更现代的连续重整化群(Continuum RG)。特别强调了有效场论(Effective Field Theory)的概念,即如何通过RG流动确定系统的低能物理行为,忽略高能细节。 第二部分:低能有效场论与相互作用系统 本部分是本书的核心,关注如何利用QFT工具来描述真实凝聚态系统中的低能激发和相互作用效应。 4. 电子气与费米液体理论: 详细回顾了兰道费米液体理论(Landau Fermi Liquid Theory)的微观基础。通过使用费曼图技术,特别是微扰论,计算了有限温度下的自能、有效质量和集体激发(如零声、离子声)的寿命。书中会深入讨论如何使用QFT方法系统地推导出兰道参数。 5. 玻色子系统与对称性破缺: 重点分析了描述无自旋或有效玻色子的相互作用系统。这包括对超流体(Superfluids)和玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚(BEC)的描述。使用哥德斯通玻色子(Goldstone Bosons)理论,解释了连续对称性破缺导致的低能激发性质。 6. 晶格规范理论与磁性系统: 探讨了在晶格模型中如何引入规范场和自旋场。对于磁性系统,如反铁磁体和斯皮诺尔(Spinons)激发,本书采用斯皮诺尔-玻色子(Spinor-Boson)的描述,并利用Hubbard-Stratonovich 变换将四费米子相互作用转化为费米子-玻色子相互作用,以便于应用场论技术。 第三部分:拓扑序与非阿贝尔统计 第二版显著增强了对拓扑凝聚态物理的介绍,这是当前凝聚态研究的前沿热点。 7. 拓扑绝缘体与拓扑超导体: 引入了拓扑不变量的概念,并展示了如何使用Chern数和Z2不变量来区分拓扑序和传统的对称性破缺序。重点讲解了$mathbb{Z}_2$ 拓扑绝缘体的有效理论,以及磁通激发如何导致非阿贝尔统计(Non-Abelian Statistics)。 8. 分数量子霍尔效应(FQHE)与任意子(Anyons): 对FQHE系统的描述是QFT在凝聚态中应用最成功的案例之一。书中详细介绍了Laughlin 波函数的量子化霍尔电荷,并转向使用任意子统计和拓扑规范场论来描述这些准粒子。特别关注Chern-Simons 理论在描述FQHE基态中的核心作用。 9. 分形场论与非费米液体: 探讨了超越标准费米液体理论的系统,如无质量的狄拉克费米子系统(如石墨烯中的相对论性电子)以及重整化群的固定点(Fixed Points)如何导致非费米液体行为。这部分内容涉及高阶微扰计算和数值RG方法。 第四部分:先进技术与应用 本书最后一部分聚焦于现代计算工具和新兴领域的应用。 10. 场论中的计算工具: 详细阐述了在凝聚态背景下计算格林函数的现代技术,包括限制动量积分、解析延拓(Analytic Continuation)以及如何有效处理虚时间积分的数值方法。同时,简要介绍了量子蒙特卡洛(QMC)与QFT结合的优势与局限。 11. 强关联模型与对偶性: 探讨了S-矩阵理论在晶格模型中的应用,并介绍了AdS/CFT 对偶性的思想如何为理解某些强关联系统(如量子临界点附近的系统)提供了新的启发。 本书通过大量的例题和详细的推导过程,旨在让读者不仅掌握凝聚态物理中QFT的形式框架,更能熟练运用这些工具解决实际的物理问题。其深度和广度使其成为理论物理研究和教学的必备参考书。