內容簡介
This book is a course in modern quantum field theory as seen through the eyes of a theoristworking in condensed matter physics. It contains a gentle introduction to the subject andcan therefore be used even by graduate students. The introductory parts include a deriva-tion of the path integral representation, Feynman diagrams and elements of the theory ofmetals including a discussion of Landau Fermi liquid theory. In later chapters the discus-sion gradually turns to more advanced methods used in the theory of strongly correlatedsystems. The book contains a thorough exposition of such nonperturbative techniques as1/N-expansion, bosonization (Abelian and non-Abelian), conformal field theory and theoryof integrable systems. The book is intended for graduate students, postdoctoral associatesand independent researchers working in condensed matter physics.
內頁插圖
目錄
Preface to the first edition
Preface to the second edition
Acknowledgements for the first edition
Acknowledgements for the second edition
Ⅰ Introduction to methods
1 QFT:language and goals
2 Connection between quantum and classical: path integrals
3 Definitions of correlation functions: Wicks theorem
4 Free bosonic field in an external field
5 Perturbation theory: Feynman diagrams
6 Calculation methods for diagram series: divergences and their elimination
7 Renormalization group procedures
8 O(N)-symmetric vector model below the transition point
9 Nonlinear sigma models in two dimensions: renormalization group and 1/N-expansion
10 0(3) nonlinear sigma model in the strong coupling limit
Ⅱ Fermions
11 Path integral and Wicks theorem for fermions
12 Interacting electrons: the Fermi liquid
13 Electrodynamics in metals
14 Relativistic fermions: aspects of quantum electrodynamics (1+1)-Dimensional quantum electrodynamics (Schwinger model)
15 Aharonov-Bohm effect and transmutation of statistics
The index theorem
Quantum Hall ferromagnet
Ⅲ Strongly fluctuagng spin systems
Introduction
16 Schwinger-Wigner quantization procedure: nonlinear sigma models
Continuous field theory for a ferromagnet
Continuous field theory for an antiferromagnet
17 O(3) nonlinear sigma model in (2 + 1) dimensions: the phase diagram
Topological excitations: skyrmions
18 Order from disorder
19 Jordan-Wigner transformation for spin S = 1/2 models in D = 1, 2, 3
20 Majorana representation for spin S =1/2 magnets: relationship to Z2
lattice gauge theories
21 Path integral representations for a doped antiferromagnet
N Physics in the world of one spatial dimension
Introduction
22 Model of the free bosonic massless scalar field
23 Relevant and irrelevant fields
24 Kosterlitz-Thouless transition
25 Conformal symmetry
Gaussian model in the Hamiltonian formulation
26 Virasoro algebra
Ward identities
Subalgebra sl(2)
27 Differential equations for the correlation functions
Coulomb gas construction for the minimal models
28 Ising model
Ising model as a minimal model
Quantum lsing model
Order and disorder operators Correlation functions outside the critical point Deformations of the Ising model
29 One-dimensional spinless fermions: Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid
Single-electron correlator in the presence of Coulomb interaction
Spin S = 1/2 Heisenberg chain
Explicit expression for the dynamical magnetic susceptibility
30 One-dimensional fermions with spin: spin-charge separation
Bosonic form of the SU1 (2) Kac-Moody algebra
Spin S = 1/2 Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid
Incommensurate charge density wave
Half-filled band
31 Kac-Moody algebras: Wess-Zumino——Novikov-Witten model
Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov (KZ) equations
Conformal embedding
SUI(2) WZNW model and spin S = 1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet
SU2(2) WZNW model and the Ising model
32 Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten model in the Lagrangian form:
non-Abelian bosonization
33 Semiclassical approach to Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten models
34 Integrable models: dynamical mass generation
General properties of integrable models
Correlation functions: the sine-Gordon model
Perturbations of spin S = 1/2 Heisenberg chain: confinement
35 A comparative study of dynamical mass generation in one and three dimensions
Single-electron Greens function in a one-dimensional charge density wave state
36 One-dimensional spin liquids: spin ladder and spin S = 1 Heisenberg chain
Spin ladder
Correlation functions
Spin S = 1 antiferromagnets
37 Kondo chain
38 Gauge fixing in non-Abelian theories: (1+1)-dimensional quantum
chromodynamics
Select bibliography
Index
精彩書摘
The related problem is a long-standing problem of the Kondo lattice or, in more generalwords, the problem of the coexistence of conduction electrons and local magnetic moments.We have discussed this problem very briefly in Chapter 21, where it was mentioned that thisremains one of the biggest unsolved problems in condensed matter physics. The only part ofit which is well understood concerns a situation where localized electrons are representedby a single local magnetic moment (the Kondo problem). In this case we know that thelocal moment is screened at low temperatures by conduction electrons and the ground stateis a singlet. The formation of this singlet state is a nonperturbative process which affectselectrons very far from the impurity. The relevant energy scale (the Kondo temperature) isexponentially small in the exchange coupling constant. It still remains unclear how conduc-tion and localized electrons reconcile with each other when the local moments are arrangedregularly (Kondo lattice problem). Empirically, Kondo lattices resemble metals with verysmall Fermi energies of the order of several degrees. It is widely believed that conductionand localized electrons in Kondo lattices hybridize at low temperatures to create a singlenarrow band (see the discussion in Chapter 21). However, our understanding of the detailsof this process remains vague. The most interesting problem is how the localized electronscontribute to the volume of the Fermi sea (according to the large-N approximation, they docontribute). The most dramatic effect of this contribution is expected to occur in systemswith one conduction electron and one spin per unit cell. Such systems must be insulators(the so-called Kondo insulator).The available experimental data apparently support thispoint of view: all compounds with an odd number of conduction electrons per spin areinsulators (Aeppli and Fisk, 1992). At low temperatures they behave as semiconductorswith very small gaps of the order of several degrees. The marked exception is FeSi wherethe size of the gap is estimated as——,700 K (Schlesinger et al., 1993).
前言/序言
The objective of this book is to familiarize the reader with the recent achievements ofquantum field theory (henceforth abbreviated as QFT). The book is oriented primarilytowards condensed matter physicists but, I hope, can be of some interest to physicists inother fields. In the last fifteen years QFT has advanced greatly and changed its languageand style. Alas, the fruits of this rapid progress are still unavailable to the vast democraticmajority of graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and even those senior researchers whohave not participated directly in this change. This cultural gap is a great obstacle to thecommunication of ideas in the condensed matter community. The only way to reduce thisis to have as many books covering these new achievements as possible. A few good booksalready exist; these are cited in the select bibliography at the end of the book. Havingstudied them I found, however, that there was still room for my humble contribution. Inthe process of writing I have tried to keep things as simple as possible; the amount offormalism is reduced to a minimum. Again, in order to make life easier for the newcomer, Ibegin the discussion with such traditional subjects as path integrals and Feynman diagrams.It is assumed, however, that the reader is already familiar with these subjects and thecorresponding chapters are intended to refresh the memory. I would recommend those whoare just starting their research in this area to read the first chapters in parallel with someintroductory course in QFT. There are plenty of such courses, including the evergreen bookby Abrikosov, Gorkov and Dzyaloshinsky. I was trained with this book and thoroughlyrecommend it.
Why study quantum field theory? For a condensed matter theorist as, I believe, for otherphysicists, there are several reasons for studying this discipline. The first is that QFT providessome wonderful and powerful tools for our research, The results achieved with these toolsare innumerable; knowledge of their secrets is a key to success for any decent theorist.The second reason is that these tools are also very elegant and beautiful. This makes theprocess of scientific research very pleasant indeed. I do not think that this is an accidentalcoincidence; it is my strong belief that aesthetic criteria are as important in science asempirical ones. Beauty and truth cannot be separated, because beauty is truth realized(Viadimir Solovyev). The history of science strongly supports this belief: all great physicaltheories are at the same time beautiful.
凝聚態物理學中的量子場論(第2版)圖書簡介 本書深入探討瞭凝聚態物理學領域中量子場論(QFT)的核心概念、方法論及其在復雜物質係統中的應用。作為第二版,本書在保留第一版精髓的基礎上,融入瞭近年來該領域取得的重大進展,尤其是在拓撲物態、低能有效場論、以及新型量子材料研究方麵。全書結構嚴謹,內容詳實,旨在為研究生、博士後研究人員以及緻力於此領域的理論物理學傢提供一個全麵且深入的學習資源。 第一部分:基礎與形式體係 本書的開篇部分奠定瞭量子場論在凝聚態背景下所需的理論基礎。它並非側重於高能物理中標準的拉格朗日量形式,而是著重於如何將統計力學與量子場論的框架有效地結閤起來。 1. 統計物理與場論的橋梁: 詳細介紹瞭在有限溫度下的量子係統如何使用有限溫度場論(Temperature Field Theory)進行描述。這包括對圍道積分(Matsubara Formalism)的深入剖析,從微觀的費米子和玻色子係統齣發,構建其熱力學量。 2. 泛函積分方法(Functional Integration): 闡述瞭使用泛函積分(路徑積分)方法處理多體問題的高效性。重點討論瞭如何將多體格林函數與泛函積分聯係起來,特彆是如何處理相互作用係統的配分函數。 3. 場重整化群(Renormalization Group, RG): RG是理解凝聚態相變和臨界現象的關鍵工具。本書係統地介紹瞭重整化群的思想,從經典的Kadanoff重標度到更現代的連續重整化群(Continuum RG)。特彆強調瞭有效場論(Effective Field Theory)的概念,即如何通過RG流動確定係統的低能物理行為,忽略高能細節。 第二部分:低能有效場論與相互作用係統 本部分是本書的核心,關注如何利用QFT工具來描述真實凝聚態係統中的低能激發和相互作用效應。 4. 電子氣與費米液體理論: 詳細迴顧瞭蘭道費米液體理論(Landau Fermi Liquid Theory)的微觀基礎。通過使用費曼圖技術,特彆是微擾論,計算瞭有限溫度下的自能、有效質量和集體激發(如零聲、離子聲)的壽命。書中會深入討論如何使用QFT方法係統地推導齣蘭道參數。 5. 玻色子係統與對稱性破缺: 重點分析瞭描述無自鏇或有效玻色子的相互作用係統。這包括對超流體(Superfluids)和玻色-愛因斯坦凝聚(BEC)的描述。使用哥德斯通玻色子(Goldstone Bosons)理論,解釋瞭連續對稱性破缺導緻的低能激發性質。 6. 晶格規範理論與磁性係統: 探討瞭在晶格模型中如何引入規範場和自鏇場。對於磁性係統,如反鐵磁體和斯皮諾爾(Spinons)激發,本書采用斯皮諾爾-玻色子(Spinor-Boson)的描述,並利用Hubbard-Stratonovich 變換將四費米子相互作用轉化為費米子-玻色子相互作用,以便於應用場論技術。 第三部分:拓撲序與非阿貝爾統計 第二版顯著增強瞭對拓撲凝聚態物理的介紹,這是當前凝聚態研究的前沿熱點。 7. 拓撲絕緣體與拓撲超導體: 引入瞭拓撲不變量的概念,並展示瞭如何使用Chern數和Z2不變量來區分拓撲序和傳統的對稱性破缺序。重點講解瞭$mathbb{Z}_2$ 拓撲絕緣體的有效理論,以及磁通激發如何導緻非阿貝爾統計(Non-Abelian Statistics)。 8. 分數量子霍爾效應(FQHE)與任意子(Anyons): 對FQHE係統的描述是QFT在凝聚態中應用最成功的案例之一。書中詳細介紹瞭Laughlin 波函數的量子化霍爾電荷,並轉嚮使用任意子統計和拓撲規範場論來描述這些準粒子。特彆關注Chern-Simons 理論在描述FQHE基態中的核心作用。 9. 分形場論與非費米液體: 探討瞭超越標準費米液體理論的係統,如無質量的狄拉剋費米子係統(如石墨烯中的相對論性電子)以及重整化群的固定點(Fixed Points)如何導緻非費米液體行為。這部分內容涉及高階微擾計算和數值RG方法。 第四部分:先進技術與應用 本書最後一部分聚焦於現代計算工具和新興領域的應用。 10. 場論中的計算工具: 詳細闡述瞭在凝聚態背景下計算格林函數的現代技術,包括限製動量積分、解析延拓(Analytic Continuation)以及如何有效處理虛時間積分的數值方法。同時,簡要介紹瞭量子濛特卡洛(QMC)與QFT結閤的優勢與局限。 11. 強關聯模型與對偶性: 探討瞭S-矩陣理論在晶格模型中的應用,並介紹瞭AdS/CFT 對偶性的思想如何為理解某些強關聯係統(如量子臨界點附近的係統)提供瞭新的啓發。 本書通過大量的例題和詳細的推導過程,旨在讓讀者不僅掌握凝聚態物理中QFT的形式框架,更能熟練運用這些工具解決實際的物理問題。其深度和廣度使其成為理論物理研究和教學的必備參考書。