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《实分析(影印版)》主要包含国外反映近代数学发展的纯数学与应用数学方面的优秀书籍,天元基金邀请国内各个方向的知名数学家参与选题的工作,经专家遴选、推荐,由高等教育出版社影印出版。《实分析(影印版)》可作为高年级本科生教材或参考书。
内容简介
《实分析(影印版)》是一本内容十分翔实的实分析教材。它包含集论,点集拓扑。测度与积分,Lebesgue函数空间,Banach空间与Hilbert空间,连续函数空间,广义函数与弱导数,Sobolev空间与Sobolev嵌入定理等;同时还包含Lebesgue微分定理,Stone-Weierstrass逼近定理,Ascoli—Arzela定理,Calderon—Zygmund分解定理,Fefferman—Stein定理。Marcinkiewlcz插定理等实分析中有用的内容。
《实分析(影印版)》内容由浅入深。读者具有扎实的数学分析知识基础便可学习《实分析(影印版)》,学完《实分析(影印版)》的读者将具备学习分析所需要的实变与泛函(不包括算子理论)的准备知识和训练。
内页插图
目录
Preface
Acknowledgments
Preliminaries
1 Countable sets
2 The Cantor set
3 Cardinality
3.1 Some examples
4 Cardinality of some infinite Cartesian products
5 Orderings, the maximal principle, and the axiom of choice
6 Well-ordering
6.1 The first uncountable
Problems and Complements
Ⅰ Topologies and Metric Spaces
1 Topological spaces
1.1 Hausdorff and normal spaces
2 Urysohns lemma
3 The Tietze extension theorem
4 Bases, axioms of countability, and product topologies
4.1 Product topologies
5 Compact topological spaces
5.1 Sequentially compact topological spaces
6 Compact subsets of RN
7 Continuous functions on countably compact spaces
8 Products of compact spaces
9 Vector spaces
9.1 Convex sets
9.2 Linear maps and isomorphisms
10 Topological vector spaces
10.1 Boundedness and continuity
11 Linear functionals
12 Finite-dimensional topological vector spaces
12.1 Locally compact spaces
13 Metric spaces
13.1 Separation and axioms of countability
13.2 Equivalent metrics
13.3 Pseudometrics
14 Metric vector spaces
14.1 Maps between metric spaces
15 Spaces of continuous functions
15.1 Spaces of continuously differentiable functions
16 On the structure of a complete metric space
17 Compact and totally bounded metric spaces
17.1 Precompact subsets of X
Problems and Complements
Ⅱ Measuring Sets
1 Partitioning open subsets of RN
2 Limits of sets, characteristic functions, and or-algebras
3 Measures
3.1 Finite,a-finite, and complete measures
3.2 Some examples
4 Outer measures and sequential coverings
4.1 The Lebesgue outer measure in RN
4.2 The Lebesgue-Stieltjes outer measure
5 The Hausdorff outer measure in RN
6 Constructing measures from outer measures
7 The Lebesgue——Stieltjes measure on R
7.1 Borel measures
8 The Hausdorff measure on RN
9 Extending measures from semialgebras to a-algebras
9.1 On the Lebesgue-Stieltjes and Hausdorff measures
10 Necessary and sufficient conditions for measurability
11 More on extensions from semialgebras to a-algebras
12 The Lebesgue measure of sets in RN
12.1 A necessary and sufficient condition of naeasurability
13 A nonmeasurable set
14 Borel sets, measurable sets, and incomplete measures
14.1 A continuous increasing function f : [0, 1] → [0, 1]
14.2 On the preimage of a measurable set
14.3 Proof of Propositions 14.1 and 14.2
15 More on Borel measures
15.1 Some extensions to general Borel measures
15.2 Regular Borel measures and Radon measures
16 Regular outer measures and Radon measures
16.1 More on Radon measures
17 Vitali coverings
18 The Besicovitch covering theorem
19 Proof of Proposition 18.2
20 The Besicovitch measure-theoretical covering theorem
Problems and Complements
Ⅲ The Lebesgue Integral
1 Measurable functions
2 The Egorov theorem
2.1 The Egorov theorem in RN
2.2 More on Egorovs theorem
3 Approximating measurable functions by simple functions
4 Convergence in measure
5 Quasi-continuous functions and Lusins theorem
6 Integral of simple functions
7 The Lebesgue integral of nonnegative functions
8 Fatous lemma and the monotone convergence theorem
9 Basic properties of the Lebesgue integral
10 Convergence theorems
11 Absolute continuity of the integral
12 Product of measures
13 On the structure of (A*p )
14 The Fubini-Tonelli theorem
14.1 The Tonelli version of the Fubini theorem
15 Some applications of the Fubini-Tonelli theorem
15.1 Integrals in terms of distribution functions
15.2 Convolution integrals
15.3 The Marcinkiewicz integral
16 Signed measures and the Hahn decomposition
17 The Radon-Nikodym theorem
18 Decomposing measures
18.1 The Jordan decomposition
18.2 The Lebesgue decomposition
18.3 A general version of the Radon-Nikodym theorem
Problems and Complements
IV Topics on Measurable Functions of Real Variables
1 Functions of bounded variations
2 Dini derivatives
3 Differentiating functions of bounded variation
4 Differentiating series of monotone functions
5 Absolutely continuous functions
6 Density of a measurable set
7 Derivatives of integrals
8 Differentiating Radon measures
9 Existence and measurability of Dvv
9.1 Proof of Proposition 9.2
10 Representing Dvv
10.1 Representing Duv for v << #
10.2 Representing Duv for v u
11 The Lebesgue differentiation theorem
11.1 Points of density
11.2 Lebesgue points of an integrable function
12 Regular families
13 Convex functions
14 Jensens inequality
15 Extending continuous functions
16 The Weierstrass approximation theorem
17 The Stone-Weierstrass theorem
18 Proof of the Stone-Weierstrass theorem
18.1 Proof of Stones theorem
19 The Ascoli-Arzela theorem
19.1 Precompact subsets of C(E)
Problems and Complements
V The LP(E) Spaces
1 Functions in Lp(E) and their norms
1.1 The spaces LP for 0 < p < 1
1.2 The spaces Lq for q < 0
2 The HOlder and Minkowski inequalities
3 The reverse Holder and Minkowski inequalities
4 More on the spaces Lp and their norms
4.1 Characterizing the norm fp for 1 < p < oo
4.2 The norm II I1 for E of finite measure
4.3 The continuous version Of the Minkowski inequality
5 LP(E) for 1 < p < oo as normed spaces of equivalence classes
5.1 Lp(E) for 1 < p < as ametric topological vector space
6 A metric topology for LP(E) when 0 < p < 1
6.1 Open convex subsets of LP (E) when0 < p < 1
7 Convergence in LP(E) and completeness
8 Separating LP(E) by simple functions
Ⅵ Banach Spaces
Ⅶ Spaces of Continuous Functions,Distributions,and Weak
Ⅷ Topics on Integrable Functions of Real Variables
Ⅸ Embeddings of W1,p(E)into Lq(E)
References
Index
前言/序言
为了更好地借鉴国外数学教育与研究的成功经验,促进我国数学教育与研究事业的发展,提高高等学校数学教育教学质量,本着“为我国热爱数学的青年创造一个较好的学习数学的环境”这一宗旨,天元基金赞助出版“天元基金影印数学丛书”。
该丛书主要包含国外反映近代数学发展的纯数学与应用数学方面的优秀书籍,天元基金邀请国内各个方向的知名数学家参与选题的工作,经专家遴选、推荐,由高等教育出版社影印出版。为了提高我国数学研究生教学的水平,暂把选书的目标确定在研究生教材上。当然,有的书也可作为高年级本科生教材或参考书,有的书则介于研究生教材与专著之间。
欢迎各方专家、读者对本丛书的选题、印刷、销售等工作提出批评和建议。
好的,这是一份针对一本名为《实分析(影印版)[Real Analysis]》的图书,但内容完全不涉及该书核心主题的图书简介。 --- 图书名称: 《量子纠缠与时空几何:弦理论的边界探索》 作者: 张 伟, 李 明 出版社: 恒星科学出版社 出版日期: 2023年11月 定价: 128.00 元 --- 内容简介: 本书聚焦于当代理论物理学的前沿领域——量子引力,特别是弦理论框架下,量子信息、纠缠现象与时空几何结构之间的深刻关联。全书旨在为对高能物理、理论宇宙学以及数学物理有深入兴趣的读者提供一份详尽的导览,探讨如何利用量子纠缠作为构建时空几何的“砖块”,从而尝试调和广义相对论与量子力学的根本矛盾。 第一部分:背景与基础 本书开篇回顾了经典广义相对论在处理强引力场(如黑洞奇点或宇宙大爆炸初期)时所面临的挑战,并简要介绍了量子场论在描述微观粒子方面的成功。随后,重点铺陈了描述现代物理学的两大支柱的局限性。在基础工具的介绍部分,我们深入探讨了共形场论(CFT)的基本原理,以及AdS/CFT对偶性的核心思想。该对偶性被视为连接量子场论与量子引力之间最成功的“字典”,它揭示了在特定条件下,一个描述引力理论的(AdS)空间,与其边界上的一个无引力的量子场论(CFT)在数学上是等价的。 第二部分:纠缠与几何的桥梁 本书的核心章节致力于阐释“纠缠熵”如何量化时空结构。我们详细分析了Ryu-Takayanagi(RT)公式及其修正形式,该公式指出,在一个反德西特(AdS)空间中,一个区域的量子纠缠熵,精确地等于该区域在边界上对应的极小曲面的面积(在适当的单位下)。这个发现是革命性的,它暗示了我们日常经验中的空间几何,可能并非宇宙的根本实体,而是由更底层的量子信息结构——特别是纠缠——涌现出来的宏观现象。 为理解这一点,我们引入了“ER=EPR”猜想。该猜想源于爱因斯坦-罗森桥(虫洞)和爱因斯坦-波多尔斯基-罗森(EPR佯谬)之间的深刻联系。我们探讨了两个黑洞之间的虫洞(爱因斯坦-罗森桥)如何与这两个黑洞内部量子态之间的最大纠缠态相对应。这不仅为虫洞的存在提供了信息论上的支撑,也为量子纠缠如何“连接”时空的不同区域提供了直观模型。 第三部分:张量网络与离散化模型 为了从计算和离散化的角度理解几何的涌现,本书花费大量篇幅讨论了张量网络(Tensor Networks)在模拟量子多体系统和几何构造中的应用。特别是MERA(多尺度纠缠重整化 ansatz)结构,它在数学上表现出与AdS空间的层次结构高度相似的特性。我们展示了如何通过构造特定的MERA网络,来重现出时空曲率和测地线距离等几何量。这部分内容为理解“量子信息几何化”提供了具体的数学框架,使得原本高度抽象的理论变得更具可操作性。 第四部分:黑洞信息悖论与火墙问题 在探讨纠缠与几何的交叉点时,黑洞内部的量子信息处理是无法回避的关键议题。本书深入分析了著名的黑洞信息悖论。我们着重考察了“火墙(Firewall)”悖论,该悖论源于对量子力学基本原理(如幺正性)的严格坚持与对广义相对论中等效原理的坚持之间的矛盾。我们对比了“信息丢失”、“火墙”以及“软毛(Soft Hair)”等不同的解决方案,并探讨了最新的尝试,例如利用量子虫洞(Quantum Wormholes)的“副本”机制来重构信息流,试图在信息守恒的前提下修复时空的平滑性。 第五部分:未来展望与数学工具 最后一部分展望了弦理论在理解更复杂的时空结构,如随机时空或非交换几何方面的潜力。同时,本书为读者提供了必要的数学背景,包括微分几何基础、规范场论、边界层理论以及量子信息论的核心概念。 面向读者: 本书适合具有扎实的微积分、线性代数基础,并对理论物理学、数学物理或高级计算物理有浓厚兴趣的研究生、博士后研究人员以及资深爱好者。阅读本书需要熟悉基础的量子力学和狭义相对论知识,但对高维微分几何和规范场论的背景要求适中,具体技术细节在正文中均有详细阐述。本书旨在提供一个跨学科的视角,理解信息、纠缠与时空本身是如何交织在一起的宇宙图景。 ---