編輯推薦
《實分析(影印版)》主要包含國外反映近代數學發展的純數學與應用數學方麵的優秀書籍,天元基金邀請國內各個方嚮的知名數學傢參與選題的工作,經專傢遴選、推薦,由高等教育齣版社影印齣版。《實分析(影印版)》可作為高年級本科生教材或參考書。
內容簡介
《實分析(影印版)》是一本內容十分翔實的實分析教材。它包含集論,點集拓撲。測度與積分,Lebesgue函數空間,Banach空間與Hilbert空間,連續函數空間,廣義函數與弱導數,Sobolev空間與Sobolev嵌入定理等;同時還包含Lebesgue微分定理,Stone-Weierstrass逼近定理,Ascoli—Arzela定理,Calderon—Zygmund分解定理,Fefferman—Stein定理。Marcinkiewlcz插定理等實分析中有用的內容。
《實分析(影印版)》內容由淺入深。讀者具有紮實的數學分析知識基礎便可學習《實分析(影印版)》,學完《實分析(影印版)》的讀者將具備學習分析所需要的實變與泛函(不包括算子理論)的準備知識和訓練。
內頁插圖
目錄
Preface
Acknowledgments
Preliminaries
1 Countable sets
2 The Cantor set
3 Cardinality
3.1 Some examples
4 Cardinality of some infinite Cartesian products
5 Orderings, the maximal principle, and the axiom of choice
6 Well-ordering
6.1 The first uncountable
Problems and Complements
Ⅰ Topologies and Metric Spaces
1 Topological spaces
1.1 Hausdorff and normal spaces
2 Urysohns lemma
3 The Tietze extension theorem
4 Bases, axioms of countability, and product topologies
4.1 Product topologies
5 Compact topological spaces
5.1 Sequentially compact topological spaces
6 Compact subsets of RN
7 Continuous functions on countably compact spaces
8 Products of compact spaces
9 Vector spaces
9.1 Convex sets
9.2 Linear maps and isomorphisms
10 Topological vector spaces
10.1 Boundedness and continuity
11 Linear functionals
12 Finite-dimensional topological vector spaces
12.1 Locally compact spaces
13 Metric spaces
13.1 Separation and axioms of countability
13.2 Equivalent metrics
13.3 Pseudometrics
14 Metric vector spaces
14.1 Maps between metric spaces
15 Spaces of continuous functions
15.1 Spaces of continuously differentiable functions
16 On the structure of a complete metric space
17 Compact and totally bounded metric spaces
17.1 Precompact subsets of X
Problems and Complements
Ⅱ Measuring Sets
1 Partitioning open subsets of RN
2 Limits of sets, characteristic functions, and or-algebras
3 Measures
3.1 Finite,a-finite, and complete measures
3.2 Some examples
4 Outer measures and sequential coverings
4.1 The Lebesgue outer measure in RN
4.2 The Lebesgue-Stieltjes outer measure
5 The Hausdorff outer measure in RN
6 Constructing measures from outer measures
7 The Lebesgue——Stieltjes measure on R
7.1 Borel measures
8 The Hausdorff measure on RN
9 Extending measures from semialgebras to a-algebras
9.1 On the Lebesgue-Stieltjes and Hausdorff measures
10 Necessary and sufficient conditions for measurability
11 More on extensions from semialgebras to a-algebras
12 The Lebesgue measure of sets in RN
12.1 A necessary and sufficient condition of naeasurability
13 A nonmeasurable set
14 Borel sets, measurable sets, and incomplete measures
14.1 A continuous increasing function f : [0, 1] → [0, 1]
14.2 On the preimage of a measurable set
14.3 Proof of Propositions 14.1 and 14.2
15 More on Borel measures
15.1 Some extensions to general Borel measures
15.2 Regular Borel measures and Radon measures
16 Regular outer measures and Radon measures
16.1 More on Radon measures
17 Vitali coverings
18 The Besicovitch covering theorem
19 Proof of Proposition 18.2
20 The Besicovitch measure-theoretical covering theorem
Problems and Complements
Ⅲ The Lebesgue Integral
1 Measurable functions
2 The Egorov theorem
2.1 The Egorov theorem in RN
2.2 More on Egorovs theorem
3 Approximating measurable functions by simple functions
4 Convergence in measure
5 Quasi-continuous functions and Lusins theorem
6 Integral of simple functions
7 The Lebesgue integral of nonnegative functions
8 Fatous lemma and the monotone convergence theorem
9 Basic properties of the Lebesgue integral
10 Convergence theorems
11 Absolute continuity of the integral
12 Product of measures
13 On the structure of (A*p )
14 The Fubini-Tonelli theorem
14.1 The Tonelli version of the Fubini theorem
15 Some applications of the Fubini-Tonelli theorem
15.1 Integrals in terms of distribution functions
15.2 Convolution integrals
15.3 The Marcinkiewicz integral
16 Signed measures and the Hahn decomposition
17 The Radon-Nikodym theorem
18 Decomposing measures
18.1 The Jordan decomposition
18.2 The Lebesgue decomposition
18.3 A general version of the Radon-Nikodym theorem
Problems and Complements
IV Topics on Measurable Functions of Real Variables
1 Functions of bounded variations
2 Dini derivatives
3 Differentiating functions of bounded variation
4 Differentiating series of monotone functions
5 Absolutely continuous functions
6 Density of a measurable set
7 Derivatives of integrals
8 Differentiating Radon measures
9 Existence and measurability of Dvv
9.1 Proof of Proposition 9.2
10 Representing Dvv
10.1 Representing Duv for v << #
10.2 Representing Duv for v u
11 The Lebesgue differentiation theorem
11.1 Points of density
11.2 Lebesgue points of an integrable function
12 Regular families
13 Convex functions
14 Jensens inequality
15 Extending continuous functions
16 The Weierstrass approximation theorem
17 The Stone-Weierstrass theorem
18 Proof of the Stone-Weierstrass theorem
18.1 Proof of Stones theorem
19 The Ascoli-Arzela theorem
19.1 Precompact subsets of C(E)
Problems and Complements
V The LP(E) Spaces
1 Functions in Lp(E) and their norms
1.1 The spaces LP for 0 < p < 1
1.2 The spaces Lq for q < 0
2 The HOlder and Minkowski inequalities
3 The reverse Holder and Minkowski inequalities
4 More on the spaces Lp and their norms
4.1 Characterizing the norm fp for 1 < p < oo
4.2 The norm II I1 for E of finite measure
4.3 The continuous version Of the Minkowski inequality
5 LP(E) for 1 < p < oo as normed spaces of equivalence classes
5.1 Lp(E) for 1 < p < as ametric topological vector space
6 A metric topology for LP(E) when 0 < p < 1
6.1 Open convex subsets of LP (E) when0 < p < 1
7 Convergence in LP(E) and completeness
8 Separating LP(E) by simple functions
Ⅵ Banach Spaces
Ⅶ Spaces of Continuous Functions,Distributions,and Weak
Ⅷ Topics on Integrable Functions of Real Variables
Ⅸ Embeddings of W1,p(E)into Lq(E)
References
Index
前言/序言
為瞭更好地藉鑒國外數學教育與研究的成功經驗,促進我國數學教育與研究事業的發展,提高高等學校數學教育教學質量,本著“為我國熱愛數學的青年創造一個較好的學習數學的環境”這一宗旨,天元基金贊助齣版“天元基金影印數學叢書”。
該叢書主要包含國外反映近代數學發展的純數學與應用數學方麵的優秀書籍,天元基金邀請國內各個方嚮的知名數學傢參與選題的工作,經專傢遴選、推薦,由高等教育齣版社影印齣版。為瞭提高我國數學研究生教學的水平,暫把選書的目標確定在研究生教材上。當然,有的書也可作為高年級本科生教材或參考書,有的書則介於研究生教材與專著之間。
歡迎各方專傢、讀者對本叢書的選題、印刷、銷售等工作提齣批評和建議。
好的,這是一份針對一本名為《實分析(影印版)[Real Analysis]》的圖書,但內容完全不涉及該書核心主題的圖書簡介。 --- 圖書名稱: 《量子糾纏與時空幾何:弦理論的邊界探索》 作者: 張 偉, 李 明 齣版社: 恒星科學齣版社 齣版日期: 2023年11月 定價: 128.00 元 --- 內容簡介: 本書聚焦於當代理論物理學的前沿領域——量子引力,特彆是弦理論框架下,量子信息、糾纏現象與時空幾何結構之間的深刻關聯。全書旨在為對高能物理、理論宇宙學以及數學物理有深入興趣的讀者提供一份詳盡的導覽,探討如何利用量子糾纏作為構建時空幾何的“磚塊”,從而嘗試調和廣義相對論與量子力學的根本矛盾。 第一部分:背景與基礎 本書開篇迴顧瞭經典廣義相對論在處理強引力場(如黑洞奇點或宇宙大爆炸初期)時所麵臨的挑戰,並簡要介紹瞭量子場論在描述微觀粒子方麵的成功。隨後,重點鋪陳瞭描述現代物理學的兩大支柱的局限性。在基礎工具的介紹部分,我們深入探討瞭共形場論(CFT)的基本原理,以及AdS/CFT對偶性的核心思想。該對偶性被視為連接量子場論與量子引力之間最成功的“字典”,它揭示瞭在特定條件下,一個描述引力理論的(AdS)空間,與其邊界上的一個無引力的量子場論(CFT)在數學上是等價的。 第二部分:糾纏與幾何的橋梁 本書的核心章節緻力於闡釋“糾纏熵”如何量化時空結構。我們詳細分析瞭Ryu-Takayanagi(RT)公式及其修正形式,該公式指齣,在一個反德西特(AdS)空間中,一個區域的量子糾纏熵,精確地等於該區域在邊界上對應的極小麯麵的麵積(在適當的單位下)。這個發現是革命性的,它暗示瞭我們日常經驗中的空間幾何,可能並非宇宙的根本實體,而是由更底層的量子信息結構——特彆是糾纏——湧現齣來的宏觀現象。 為理解這一點,我們引入瞭“ER=EPR”猜想。該猜想源於愛因斯坦-羅森橋(蟲洞)和愛因斯坦-波多爾斯基-羅森(EPR佯謬)之間的深刻聯係。我們探討瞭兩個黑洞之間的蟲洞(愛因斯坦-羅森橋)如何與這兩個黑洞內部量子態之間的最大糾纏態相對應。這不僅為蟲洞的存在提供瞭信息論上的支撐,也為量子糾纏如何“連接”時空的不同區域提供瞭直觀模型。 第三部分:張量網絡與離散化模型 為瞭從計算和離散化的角度理解幾何的湧現,本書花費大量篇幅討論瞭張量網絡(Tensor Networks)在模擬量子多體係統和幾何構造中的應用。特彆是MERA(多尺度糾纏重整化 ansatz)結構,它在數學上錶現齣與AdS空間的層次結構高度相似的特性。我們展示瞭如何通過構造特定的MERA網絡,來重現齣時空麯率和測地綫距離等幾何量。這部分內容為理解“量子信息幾何化”提供瞭具體的數學框架,使得原本高度抽象的理論變得更具可操作性。 第四部分:黑洞信息悖論與火牆問題 在探討糾纏與幾何的交叉點時,黑洞內部的量子信息處理是無法迴避的關鍵議題。本書深入分析瞭著名的黑洞信息悖論。我們著重考察瞭“火牆(Firewall)”悖論,該悖論源於對量子力學基本原理(如幺正性)的嚴格堅持與對廣義相對論中等效原理的堅持之間的矛盾。我們對比瞭“信息丟失”、“火牆”以及“軟毛(Soft Hair)”等不同的解決方案,並探討瞭最新的嘗試,例如利用量子蟲洞(Quantum Wormholes)的“副本”機製來重構信息流,試圖在信息守恒的前提下修復時空的平滑性。 第五部分:未來展望與數學工具 最後一部分展望瞭弦理論在理解更復雜的時空結構,如隨機時空或非交換幾何方麵的潛力。同時,本書為讀者提供瞭必要的數學背景,包括微分幾何基礎、規範場論、邊界層理論以及量子信息論的核心概念。 麵嚮讀者: 本書適閤具有紮實的微積分、綫性代數基礎,並對理論物理學、數學物理或高級計算物理有濃厚興趣的研究生、博士後研究人員以及資深愛好者。閱讀本書需要熟悉基礎的量子力學和狹義相對論知識,但對高維微分幾何和規範場論的背景要求適中,具體技術細節在正文中均有詳細闡述。本書旨在提供一個跨學科的視角,理解信息、糾纏與時空本身是如何交織在一起的宇宙圖景。 ---