內容簡介
Subatomic Physics, the physics of nuclei and particles, has been one of the frontiers of science since its birth in 1896. From the study of the radiations emitted by radioactive nuclei to the scattering experiments that point to the presence of subLuuts in nucleons, from the discovery of the hadroruc interactions to the real-ization that the photon possesses hadronic (strong) attributes, and that weak and electromagnetic forces may be intimately related, subatomic physics has enriched science with new concepts and deeper insights into the laws of nature.
Subatomic Physics does not stand isolated; it bears on many aspects of life. Ideas and facts emerging from studies of the subatomic world change our picture of the macrocosmos. Concepts discovered in subatomic physics are needed to under-stand the creation and abundance of the elements, and the energy production in the sun and the stars, Nuclear power may provide most of the future energy sources.Nuclear bombs affect national and international decisions. Pion beams have be- come a tool to treat cancer. Tracer and Mossbauer techniques give information about structure and reactions in solid state physics, chemistry, biology, metallurgy, and geology.
內頁插圖
目錄
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
General Bibliography
1 Background and Language
1.1 Orders of Magnitude
1.2 Units
1.3 Special Relativity,Feynman Diagrams
1.4 References
Ⅰ Tools
2 Accelerators
2.1 Why Accelerators?
2.2 Cross Sections and Luminosity
2.3 Electrostatic Generators (Van de Graaff)
2.4 Linear Accelerators (Linacs)
2.5 Beam Optics
2.6 Synchrotrons
2.7 Laboratory and Center-of-Momentum Frames
2.8 Colliding Beams
2.9 Superconducting Linacs
2.10 Beam Storage and Cooling
2.11 References
3 Passage of Radiation Through Matter
3.1 Concepts
3.2 Heavy Charged Particles
3.3 Photons
3.4 Electrons
3.5 Nuclear Interactions
3.6 References
4 Detectors
4.1 Scintillation Counters
4.2 Statistical Aspects
4.3 Semiconductor Detectors
4.4 Bubble Chambers
4.5 Spark Chambers
4.6 Wire Chambers
4.7 Drift Chambers
4.8 Time Projection Chambers
4.9 Cerenkov Counters
4.10 Calorimeters
4.11 Counter Electronics
4.12 Electronics: Logic
4.13 References
Ⅱ Particles and Nuclei
5 The Subatomic Zoo
5.1 Mass and Spin.Fermions and Bosons
5.2 Electric Charge and Magnetic Dipole Moment
5.3 Mass Measurements
5.4 A First Glance at the Subatomic Zoo
5.5 Gauge Bosons
5.6 Leptons
5.7 Decays
5.8 Mesons
5.9 Baryon Ground States
5.10 Particles and Antiparticles
5.11 Quarks,Gluons,and Intermediate Bosons
5.12 Excited States and Resonances
5.13 Excited States of Baryons
5.14 References
6 Structure of Subatomic Particles
6.1 The Approach: Elastic Scattering
6.2 Rutherford and Mott Scattering
6.3 Form Factors
6.4 The Charge Distribution of Spherical Nuclei
6.5 Leptons Are Point Particles
6.6 Nucleon Elastic Form Factors
6.7 The Charge Radii of the Pion and Kaon
6.8 Inelastic Electron and Muon Scattering
6.9 Deep Inelastic Electron Scattering
6.10 Quark-Parton Model for Deep Inelastic Scattering
6.11 More Details on Scattering and Structure
6.12 References
Ⅲ Symmetries and Conservation Laws
7 Additive Conservation Laws
7.1 Conserved Quantities and Symmetries
7.2 The Electric Charge
7.3 The Baryon Number
7.4 Lepton and Lepton Flavor Number
7.5 Strangeness Flavor
7.6 Additive Quantum Numbers of Quarks
7.7 References
8 Angular Momentum and Isospin
8.1 Invariance Under Spatial Rotation
8.2 Symmetry Breaking by a Magnetic Field
8.3 Charge Independence of Hadronic Forces
8.4 The Nucleon Isospin
8.5 Isospin Invariance
8.6 Isospin of Particles
8.7 Isospin in Nuclei
8.8 References
9 P,C,CP,and T
9.1 The Parity Operation
9.2 The Intrinsic Parities of Subatomic Particles
9.3 Conservation and Breakdown of Parity
9.4 Charge Conjugation
9.5 Time Reversal
9.6 The Two-State Problem
9.7 The Neutral Kaons
9.8 The Fall of CP Invariance
9.9 References
Ⅳ Interactions
10 The Electromagnetic Interaction
10.1 The Golden Rule
10.2 Phase Space
10.3 The Classical Electromagnetic Interaction
10.4 Photon Emission
10.5 Multipole Radiation
10.6 Electromagnetic Scattering of Leptons
10.7 Vector Mesons as Mediators of the Photon-Hadron Interaction
10.8 Colliding Beams
10.9 Electron-Positron Collisions and Quarks
10.10 The Photon-Hadron Interaction: Real and Spacelike Photons
10.11 Magnetic Monopoles
10.12 References
11 The Weak Interaction
11.1 The Continuous Beta Spectrum
11.2 Beta Decay Lifetimes
11.3 The Current-Current Interaction of the Standard Model
11.4 A Variety of Weak Processes
11.5 The Muon Decay
11.6 The Weak Current of Leptons
11.7 Chirality versus Helicity
11.8 The Weak Coupling Constant GF
11.9 Weak Decays of Quarks and the CKM Matrix
11.10 Weak Currents in Nuclear Physics
11.11 Inverse Beta Decay: Reines and Cowan's Detection of Neutrinos
11.12 Massive Neutrinos
11.13 Majorana versus Dirac Neutrinos
11.14 The Weak Current of Hadrons at High Energies
11.15 References
12 Introduction to Gauge Theories
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Potentials in Quantum Mechanics-The Aharonov-Bohm Effect
12.3 Gauge Invariance for Non-Abelian Fields
12.4 The Higgs Mechanism;Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
12.5 General References
13 The Electroweak Theory of the Standard Model
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Gauge Bosons and Weak Isospin
13.3 The Electroweak Interaction
13.4 Tests of the Standard Model
13.5 References
14 Strong Interactions
14.1 Range and Strength of the Low-Energy Strong Interactions
14.2 The Pion-Nucleon Interaction-Survey
14.3 The Form of the Pion-Nucleon Interaction
14.4 The Yukawa Theory of Nuclear Forces
14.5 Low-Energy Nucleon-Nucleon Force
14.6 Meson Theory of the Nucleon-Nucleon Force
14.7 Strong Processes at High Energies
14.8 The Standard Model,Quantum Chromodynamics
14.9 QCD at Low Energies
14.10 Grand Unified Theories,Supersymmetry,String Theories
14.11 References
Ⅴ Models
15 Quark Models of Mesons and Baryons
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Quarks as Building Blocks of Hadrons
15.3 Hunting the Quark
15.4 Mesons as Bound Quark States
15.5 Baryons as Bound Quark States
15.6 The Hadron Masses
15.7 QCD and Quark Models of the Hadrons
15.8 Heavy Mesons: Charmonium,Upsilon
15.9 Outlook and Problems
15.10 References
16 Liquid Drop Model,Fermi Gas Model,Heavy Ions
16.1 The Liquid Drop Model
16.2 The Fermi Gas Model
16.3 Heavy Ion Reactions
16.4 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
16.5 References
17 The Shell Model
17.1 The Magic Numbers
17.2 The Closed Shells
17.3 The Spin-Orbit Interaction
17.4 The Single-Particle Shell Model
17.5 Generalization of the Single-Particle Model
17.6 Isobaric Analog Resonances
17.7 Nuclei Far From the Valley of Stability
17.8 References
18 Collective Model
18.1 Nuclear Deformations
18.2 Rotational Spectra of Spinless Nuclei
18.3 Rotational Families
18.4 One-Particle Motion in Deformed Nuclei (Nilsson Model)
18.5 Vibrational States in Spherical Nuclei
18.6 The Interacting Boson Model
18.7 Highly Excited States;Giant Resonances
18.8 Nuclear Models-Concluding Remarks
18.9 References
19 Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics
19.1 The Beginning of the Universe
19.2 Primordial Nucleosynthesis
19.3 Stellar Energy and Nucleosynthesis
19.4 Stellar Collapse and Neutron Stars
19.5 Cosmic Rays
19.6 Neutrino Astronomy and Cosmology
19.7 Leptogenesis as Basis for Baryon Excess
19.8 References
Index
前言/序言
好的,這是一份關於《亞原子物理學(第3版)》的圖書簡介,旨在詳細介紹該書的內容和價值,但避免提及您提供的書名。 --- 《前沿粒子與核結構:理論與實驗的交匯點(第三版)》 導言:探索物質的終極構成 人類對物質基本構成的探索從未止步。從古希臘的原子論到盧瑟福的原子核發現,再到標準模型的建立,我們對宇宙最微小尺度的認知正在不斷深化。本書《前沿粒子與核結構:理論與實驗的交匯點(第三版)》旨在為讀者提供一個全麵、深入且與時俱進的視角,審視當代物理學界在理解強子、輕子及其相互作用方麵的最新進展。 本書不僅是一本教科書,更是一部連接基礎理論與尖端實驗的橋梁。它力求清晰地闡釋構成物質的基本單元,描述它們如何通過基本力相互作用,並深入探討當前物理學界麵臨的重大挑戰,如暗物質、暗能量以及希格斯機製的精確測量等。 第一部分:量子場論與基本粒子概述 本部分是理解現代粒子物理學的基礎。我們將從量子力學的基本原理齣發,係統地構建量子場論(QFT)的框架。 量子場論基礎: 詳細介紹洛倫茲協變性、正則量子化方法以及費曼圖的構建與應用。我們將著重探討如何使用QFT來描述粒子及其相互作用,並介紹重整化理論的核心思想,這是處理高能散射過程不可或缺的工具。 標準模型(Standard Model, SM)的構建: 係統介紹SM的結構,包括其規範群 $SU(3)_C imes SU(2)_L imes U(1)_Y$。我們將詳細討論誇剋和輕子的分類、電弱統一理論的形成,以及希格斯機製如何賦予規範玻色子和費米子質量。 相互作用的描述: 深入剖析三種基本相互作用的微觀描述。量子電動力學(QED)的精確計算、量子色動力學(QCD)中的漸近自由和誇剋禁閉現象,以及弱相互作用的宇稱宇稱破壞(Parity Violation)。 第二部分:強子物理與核結構 本部分將視角從基本點狀粒子轉嚮由誇剋和膠子組成的復閤粒子——強子,並探討原子核的內部結構。 誇剋模型與哈德龍譜學: 詳細闡述八十年代以來建立的誇剋模型,解釋介子和重子的分類。重點討論非微擾QCD領域,如晶格QCD(Lattice QCD)在計算強子質量譜和結構函數方麵的最新進展。 核物理基礎: 介紹原子核的液滴模型、殼層模型以及集體模型,解釋原子核的穩定性和形變。我們將探討核力的性質——一種由π介子交換主導的殘餘強相互作用,以及如何用核子-核子(N-N)勢來描述核子的束縛態。 核反應與核天體物理: 分析核裂變、核聚變過程的微觀機製。特彆關注在恒星演化和超新星爆發中起關鍵作用的反應截麵測量,以及中子星的內部狀態與核物理的關聯。 第三部分:實驗技術與前沿探測 理論的突破離不開先進的實驗驗證。本部分將介紹當前高能物理和核物理實驗所采用的核心技術。 粒子探測器原理: 深入講解主流探測器的工作原理,包括電磁量能器、強子量能器、漂移室、矽微條探測器以及繆子探測器。我們將討論如何設計和優化這些係統以實現高精度的時間、能量和動量測量。 加速器技術: 介紹粒子加速器的基本原理,如同步輻射和聚焦技術。重點分析對撞機(如環形對撞機和直綫對撞機)的設計理念及其在産生高能事件中的作用。 數據分析與機器學習在物理學中的應用: 探討如何從海量實驗數據中提取物理信號,包括背景抑製、事件重建和係統不確定度的評估。新興的機器學習技術在粒子識彆和新物理信號搜索中的應用將得到詳細闡述。 第四部分:超越標準模型的前沿課題 標準模型雖然取得瞭巨大成功,但它仍不能解釋暗物質、暗能量、中微子質量等關鍵現象。本部分將聚焦於當前物理學研究中最活躍的領域。 中微子物理學: 闡述中微子振蕩的實驗證據,探討質量起源的可能機製,如蹺蹺闆機製。介紹當前運行和規劃中的中微子實驗(如DUNE、Hyper-K)的設計目標和物理潛力。 暗物質與暗能量: 綜述銀河係暈中暗物質的間接和直接探測實驗(如XENONnT、LZ),以及對弱相互作用重粒子(WIMP)和其他候選模型的探索。同時,也將討論暗能量對宇宙學演化的影響。 超越標準模型理論框架: 介紹超對稱理論(SUSY)、額外維度理論(Extra Dimensions)以及大統一理論(GUTs)的基本思想,並評估它們在現有實驗限製下的可行性。 總結與展望 本書的第三版在繼承前兩版嚴謹性的基礎上,全麵更新瞭自上次修訂以來在大型強子對撞機(LHC)及相關核物理實驗中取得的關鍵結果。它不僅為物理學專業學生提供瞭堅實的理論基礎,也為研究人員提供瞭一份詳盡的參考資料,指明瞭通往理解物質最終奧秘的未來方嚮。本書的結構邏輯清晰,數學推導詳盡,圖錶豐富,是係統學習現代粒子與核物理的理想讀物。