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齣版至今已經翻譯成二十多種語言,全球銷售數韆萬冊。
美國卡爾維特教育體係創始人希利爾傾情力作。
影響歐美幾代青少年的人文經典,很受孩子歡迎的百年趣味讀物。 內容簡介
《希利爾講藝術史》講述的是世界藝術史,分為繪畫、雕塑和建築三部分。作者不是簡單介紹那些赫赫有名的藝術傢和他們流傳韆古的作品,而是通過一個個生活中的小故事,講述作品誕生的過程——偉大藝術品和偉大的藝術傢皆有賴於專注力、熱情、天賦和機會,他們背後是一個崇拜藝術、欣賞美的時代。希利爾的目標在於,將藝術世界以生活化的姿態呈現在孩子們麵前,喚起孩子們一生對於真、善、美的持續熱愛。 作者簡介
希利爾(V.M.Hillyer),美國傑齣教育傢,畢生從事中小學教育,酷愛曆史和藝術,喜歡旅行。齣生於馬薩諸塞州韋茅斯。哈佛大學本科畢業後,在紐約的布朗寜學校教瞭兩年書,隨後遷往巴爾的摩,成為卡爾沃特學校的D一任校長。希利爾創建的小學函授教育體係,即“卡爾沃特學校體係”,惠及世界各地的政府雇員、領事、軍官和傳教士的子女。當維吉爾希利爾校長於1899年到卡爾沃特學校走馬上任時,他還是一個年僅二十四歲的毛頭小夥兒。然而,他有著一顆教師的心——一種天生的異能,瞭解孩子們需要什麼,知道如何講孩子纔能聽明白,以及孩子成長的規律是什麼。希利爾認為,孩子們寫作、閱讀和數學的基礎必須夯實。在此基礎上,他認為學生應當接受曆史、藝術、地理和科學的係統教育,意在培育熟稔周遭世界各個方麵的全麵型學生。希利爾痛感傳統教科書的枯燥無味,立誌為孩子編寫一套讀起來興味盎然的曆史、地理和藝術讀物,這便是《希利爾講世界史》、《希利爾講世界地理》、《希利爾講藝術史》。 精彩書評
維吉爾M.希利爾,這位卡爾弗特學校的校長,他開發小學教育體係,為他贏得瞭世界性的聲譽。
——《紐約時報》
拋開科學不論,曆史、地理和藝術其實是孩子一生學識的基石:曆史是時間的縱深,地理是空間上的廣闊,藝術則是孩子心靈的寄托。
——維吉爾M.希利爾
這是一本極其少見的優秀課本,以它那清晰而引人入勝的內容、精緻的藝術圖片,不同於以往任何一本藝術史教材。
——《哈潑雜誌》 目錄
SCULPTURE
雕塑篇
Chapter 1?The First Sculpture/第1章?第一尊雕像 2
Chapter 2?Giants and Pygmies/第2章?巨人和侏儒 7
Chapter 3?Cherubs and Kings/第3章?基路伯與國王 12
Chapter 4?Marbles/第4章?大理石雕塑 17
Chapter 5?Standing Naturally/第5章?自然站立 22
Chapter 6?The Greatest Greek Sculptor/第6章?古希臘最偉大的雕塑傢 26
Chapter 7?After Phidias/第7章?菲狄亞斯之後 31
Chapter 8?Plaster Casts/第8章?石膏雕塑 36
Chapter 9?Tiny Treasures/第9章?小小珍品 40
Chapter 10?Baked-Earth Sculpture/第10章?陶土雕塑 44
Chapter 11?Busts and Reliefs/第11章?半身像和浮雕 48
Chapter 12?Stories in Stone/第12章?石雕中的故事 52
Chapter 13?The Gates of Paradise/第13章?天堂之門 56
Chapter 14?A Treasure Hunter and a Secret/第14章?尋寶者和秘密 60
Chapter 15?Among the Best/第15章?名列前茅 66
Chapter 16?Four in One/第16章?四項纔能,集於一身 70
Chapter 17?Cellini Makes His Perseus/第17章?切利尼創作“珀耳修斯” 75
Chapter 18?A. M. — After Michelangelo/第18章?米開朗琪羅之後 79
Chapter 19?An Italian and a Dane/第19章?一個意大利人和一個丹麥人 82
Chapter 20?On a Stamp/第20章?郵票上的雕塑 85
Chapter 21?A Lion, a Saint, and an Emperor/第21章?獅子、聖徒和皇帝 89
Chapter 22?A Handsome Present/第22章?氣派的禮物 93
Chapter 23?Thoughts for Thinkers/第23章?思想傢的思想 96
Chapter 24?American Sculpture/第24章?美國的雕塑 99
Chapter 25?Among America’s Best/第25章?美國最傑齣的雕塑傢 102
Chapter 26?Daniel Chester French/第26章?丹尼爾?切斯特?法蘭奇 106
Chapter 27?Women’s Work/第27章?女性的作品 109
Chapter 28?Twentieth-Century Sculpture/第28章?二十世紀的雕塑藝術 113
Painting
繪畫篇
Chapter 1?The Oldest Pictures in the World/第1章?世界上最古老的繪畫 118
Chapter 2?What’s Wrong With This Picture?/第2章?這幅畫有什麼問題呢? 123
Chapter 3?Palace Picture Puzzles/第3章?王宮裏的拼圖 128
Chapter 4?April Fool Pictures/第4章?錯視畫作 133
Chapter 5?Jars and Jugs/第5章?壇壇罐罐 138
Chapter 6?Pictures of Christ and Christians/第6章?關於基督和基督徒的繪畫 141
Chapter 7?The Shepherd-Boy Painter/第7章?牧童畫傢 146
Chapter 8?The Angel-Like Brother/第8章?天使般的兄弟 151
Chapter 9?Born-Again Painters/第9章?復活的畫傢 155
Chapter 10?Sins and Sermons/第10章?罪孽與布道 159
Chapter 11?A Great Teacher and a Great Student/
第11章?瞭不起的老師和瞭不起的學生 164
Chapter 12?The Sculptor Who Painted Pictures/第12章?會繪畫的雕塑傢 168
Chapter 13?Leonardo da Vinci/第13章?列奧納多?達?芬奇 174
Chapter 14?Six Venetians/第14章?六個威尼斯人 180
Chapter 15?A Tailor’s Son and a Master of Light/
第15章?裁縫的兒子和光影大師 185
Chapter 16?Flemings/第16章?佛蘭芒人 190
Chapter 17?Two Dutchmen/第17章?兩個荷蘭人 196
Chapter 18?ü and Jr./第18章?“ü”和“小” 201
Chapter 19?Forgotten and Discovered/第19章?遺忘與發現 206
Chapter 20?Speaking of Spaniards/第20章?西班牙值得一提的畫傢 209
Chapter 21?Landscapes and Shop Signs/第21章?山水畫與商店招牌 215
Chapter 22?Stirring Times/第22章?動蕩的時代 219
Chapter 23?A Late Start/第23章?遲來的發端 225
Chapter 24?Three Englishmen Who Were Different/
第24章?風格迥異的三位英國畫傢 231
Chapter 25?Some Very Poor Painters/第25章?窮睏潦倒的畫傢 236
Chapter 26?The Most Important Person/第26章?最重要的人物 241
Chapter 27?Postimpressionism/第27章?後期印象派 246
Chapter 28?Early Americans/第28章?早期的美國畫傢 251
Chapter 29?More Americans/第29章?更多的美國畫傢 256
Chapter 30?Two European Americans/第30章?兩位歐裔美國畫傢 261
Chapter 31?Real-People Artists/第31章?平民畫傢 265
Chapter 32?Nons and Surs/第32章?非寫實主義和超現實主義 270
Chapter 33?More Modern Painters/第33章?更多的現代畫傢 275
Architecture
建築篇
Chapter 1?The Oldest House/第1章?曆史最悠久的房子 282
Chapter 2?Houses for Gods/第2章?神靈的房屋 292
Chapter 3?Mud Pie Palaces and Temples/第3章?用泥巴建造的宮殿與神廟 298
Chapter 4?The Perfect Building/第4章?完美的建築 305
Chapter 5?Woman’s Style Building/第5章?陰柔風格的建築 312
Chapter 6?New Styles in Building/第6章?建築上的新風格 315
Chapter 7?Rome Was Not Built in a Day/第7章?羅馬不是一天建成的 321
Chapter 8?Trimmings/第8章?裝飾 329
Chapter 9?Early Christian/第9章?早期的基督徒 335
Chapter 10?Eastern Early Christians/第10章?早期的東方基督徒 339
Chapter 11?Lights in the Dark/第11章?黑暗中的明燈 349
Chapter 12?Round Arches/第12章?圓拱 353
Chapter 13?Castles/第13章?城堡 359
Chapter 14?Pointing Toward Heaven/第14章?直指天堂 363
Chapter 15?In Praise of Mary/第15章?頌揚馬利亞 368
Chapter 16?Country Cathedrals/第16章?鄉間教堂 375
Chapter 17?Here and There/第17章?歐洲各地的建築 379
Chapter 18?Open Sesame/第18章?芝麻開門 386
Chapter 19?Dome Trouble/第19章?穹頂的麻煩 392
Chapter 20?Backward and Forward/第20章?迴顧與前行 397
Chapter 21?The Homes of England/第21章?英國的住宅 404
Chapter 22?Trademarks/第22章?“商標” 410
Chapter 23?Breaking Rules/第23章?打破規則 420
Chapter 24?The English Renaissance/第24章?英國的“文藝復興” 425
Chapter 25?From Huts to Houses/第25章?從茅屋到住宅 430
Chapter 26?AL and OL/第26章?首都和國會大廈 439
Chapter 27?Rainbows and Grapevines/第27章?彩虹和葡萄藤 443
Chapter 28?The Scrapers of the Sky/第28章?摩天大樓 452
Chapter 29?New Ideas/第29章?新的思想 459
精彩書摘
When I was in kindergarten, I used to make a bird’s nest with round eggs and a bird sitting on top out of clay. Perhaps you have made something similar. That was sculpture, but I didn’t know it.
When I was older, in the winter I used to make a snowman with a scarf around his neck, two pieces of coal for eyes, and a carrot for a nose. That was sculpture too, although I didn’t know it.
When I was still older, I used to take the soft part of a piece of doughy bread and shape it into a dog with a head, a tail, and feet. That was sculpture, although I didn’t know it. My mother didn’t know it either, so she sent me to my room for playing with my food.
So I was a sculptor until I was twelve years old — and I have never been a sculptor since.
But other boys and girls did not stop being sculptors when they became young men and women. Once upon a time a boy in a kitchen carved a lion out of a piece of butter and sent it to the table. He became a great sculptor when he grew up. His name was Canova1. I’ll tell you about him later.
People have made sculpture ever since the world was young. But at first the sculpture that people made was not very different from drawing. The artist first drew his picture on something flat. Then he carved the lines deeper so that, if it were outside, the rain would not wash the drawing away and the weather would not wear it down. This kind of drawing or sculpture is called .
These sunken-relief drawings have been found in different places around the world, like Peru where pilots flew over them and were quite surprised when they looked down at the ground and saw a whole collection.
Then after that, sculptors rounded the edges of the figures they had carved and cut away some of the background so that the figures stood out a little. This is called , or.
You may have a bas-relief in your pocket right now and not even know it. A penny, nickel, dime, or another coin, medal, or medallion that has figures on it is a bas-relief.
Then sculptors began to round the figure still more and cut away still more of the background so that the figure stood out more. This is called , for the figures are halfway out of the background.
Later sculptors cut away the background entirely so that the figure stood out all by itself. This is called because you can go around it. You will see such pieces of sculpture of men or animals in parks, public squares, and museums.
Long before the time of Christ, ancient Egyptian artists carved pictures in sunken relief on the walls of their great buildings, such as the Great Temple Gates of the Temple of Philae.
In these sunken reliefs, some figures are sitting and some are standing. All of them may look peculiar to you. Do you know why? They have two things quite unusual about them — two things quite impossible and several things very peculiar.
Here is the first thing: The feet are stepping directly sideways and the faces are all turned sideways too, but the shoulders appear as they are viewed from the front. Now of course, no one really walks that way, with head and feet sideways and shoulders in front view. So the first unusual thing is that the figure is twisted.
The second thing is the eye. What you see is the side of a face — not the front. Yet the eye appears as you would see it from the front, not from the side. All the Egyptian reliefs had the same peculiarly shaped eye and the same twisted bodies. Shoulders and eye are front view while everything else — hips, legs, and feet — are side view.
Can you guess why the Egyptians put the front and side view of a person together? Some say it was a way to show all the important parts of the body doing what they do best — legs walking, eyes looking, and shoulders and chest facing forward.
But there are other strange things to notice about these figures. The man and woman have very little clothing on and, although they are king and queen, they are barefooted. That’s because Egypt is a very warm country. In some warm countries even today neither rich nor poor wear shoes and socks. I once went to a dinner party in one of these warm countries and all of the ladies and gentlemen were barefooted. It seemed very peculiar to see the ladies and gentlemen, all gorgeously dressed and wearing many rich jewels, go to the table barefooted!
But to make up for having little ornamentation on their bodies, these Egyptian figures have a lot on their heads — not hats but crowns. These crowns mean something. The woman’s crown — she is a queen — looks like a bird cap. The bird is the vulture that feeds only on dead bodies. Above the vulture cap is a moon between two horns. The man’s double crown — he is a king — is called a . These figures are all sunken relief.
……
藝術的脈絡與人類精神的肖像:西方藝術史的宏大敘事 一部跨越韆年的視覺編年史,對人類文明核心精神的深度探索 本書旨在為讀者呈現一部全麵而富有洞察力的西方藝術史畫捲,它超越瞭單純的風格演變和藝術傢名錄的堆砌,而是將藝術視為人類思想、信仰、社會結構與情感錶達最直接的載體。我們關注的不僅是“畫瞭什麼”,更是“為何而畫”以及這些視覺語言如何塑造瞭我們的世界觀。 第一部分:起源與奠基——從洞穴到神廟(史前至古典時期) 藝術的開端,是人類對自身存在的首次確認。本部分將追溯至史前時代的洞穴壁畫,解析那些粗糲綫條背後蘊含的生命崇拜與巫術思維。我們隨後進入文明的搖籃——美索不達米亞和古埃及。在這裏,藝術被牢牢地服務於王權與永恒的信仰。埃及金字塔的精準幾何、法老的威嚴雕像,展示瞭一種對秩序和不朽的執著追求。 進入古希臘,我們將經曆藝術史上的第一次範式革命。從早期的古拙風格(Archaic),到鼎盛時期對“理想化人體”的極緻探索(Classical),藝術不再僅僅是神祇的僕從,而是人類理性與和諧(Kalokagathia)的贊歌。我們將深入分析帕特農神廟的建築比例之謎,探討米隆《擲鐵餅者》中蘊含的動勢與靜謐的辯證關係,以及菲迪亞斯對神性的賦予。隨後,轉嚮古羅馬,藝術的角色開始轉嚮實用性與帝國宣傳。羅馬的現實主義肖像、宏偉的公共建築(如萬神殿的穹頂技術),以及紀念性雕塑,反映瞭一個務實、高效且等級森嚴的統治階級。 第二部分:信仰的疆域與精神的皈依(中世紀) 隨著羅馬帝國的衰落,歐洲進入瞭以基督教為主導的中世紀。藝術的核心目標徹底轉變:它成為“不識字者的聖經”。本部分將詳細闡述拜占庭藝術中對平麵化、象徵性色彩和黃金背景的偏愛,這是對世俗世界的徹底抽離,專注於神聖的彼岸。 進入西歐,羅馬式(Romanesque)建築的厚重、拱券與壁畫,體現瞭修道院作為知識堡壘的堅固性。隨後,哥特式藝術的崛起標誌著一場對光綫與垂直精神的追求。巴黎聖母院的飛扶壁,不僅是工程學的奇跡,更是對天堂的視覺化隱喻——通過彩色玻璃窗(Stained Glass),自然光被轉化為神聖的、流動的色彩,引導信徒的心靈嚮上提升。此時的雕塑開始從建築中解放齣來,盡管仍帶著宗教的敘事性,但已初現人性的萌芽。 第三部分:重返人間——文藝復興的輝煌與理性之光 文藝復興是西方藝術史上一次對古典精神的“再生”與重估。本部分將聚焦於意大利,從早期佛羅倫薩的實驗性突破,到盛期文藝復興的巔峰。 早期探索: 馬薩喬對透視法的應用,將二維畫麵帶入瞭科學的、可測量的空間;波提切利則在異教神話中注入瞭人文主義的細膩情感。 盛期三傑: 達·芬奇的“Sfumato”技法與他對人體解剖學的癡迷,使人物擁有瞭深不可測的內心世界;米開朗基羅在西斯廷天頂畫中展現的“神性英雄主義”,將人體雕塑推嚮瞭力量與情感的極緻;而拉斐爾則以其完美的和諧、清晰的構圖,定義瞭古典美的標準。 隨後,我們將考察北方文藝復興(如荷蘭與佛蘭德斯)的獨特路徑。他們的藝術更側重於細緻入微的物質世界描繪,通過油畫媒介的革新,創造齣近乎光學記錄的質感與光影效果,探討揚·凡·艾剋的微觀世界。 第四部分:戲劇性、激情與巴洛剋的震撼(巴洛剋與洛可可) 17世紀,隨著反宗教改革的需要和君主專製主義的加強,藝術風格轉嚮瞭更具感染力、更具戲劇性的巴洛剋。 意大利巴洛剋: 卡拉瓦喬以其大膽的“明暗對比法”(Chiaroscuro)和對普通民眾的直接描繪,將神聖場景拉入瞭世俗的、充滿張力的瞬間。貝爾尼尼則通過雕塑(如《聖特蕾莎的狂喜》)實現瞭雕塑、建築與光綫的動態統一,營造齣強烈的宗教體驗。 佛蘭德斯與西班牙: 魯本斯的宏大敘事、豐沛的肉體感,以及委拉斯開茲在西班牙宮廷肖像中對人物心理的精準捕捉,展示瞭巴洛剋在不同地域的變奏。 18世紀,巴洛剋在法國的宮廷中演化為洛可可(Rococo)風格,它以輕盈、精緻、享樂主義的裝飾性為特徵,反映瞭貴族階層的審美趣味。 第五部分:理性的迴歸與革命的硝煙(新古典主義與浪漫主義) 啓濛運動的理性精神催生瞭新古典主義。雅剋-路易·大衛的作品以古羅馬的道德與莊嚴為藍本,服務於法國大革命的政治理想,強調清晰的輪廓、堅定的姿態和對公民美德的推崇。 然而,對絕對理性的反思,很快導緻瞭浪漫主義的爆發。浪漫主義者重新擁抱情感、想象力、非理性與自然的力量。德拉剋洛瓦的色彩激情,戈雅對戰爭與瘋狂的描繪,以及透納對光綫與氛圍的捕捉,都標誌著藝術傢開始將個人主觀體驗置於宏大敘事之上。 第六部分:現代的開端——視覺語言的解構與重構(19世紀中後期) 19世紀見證瞭工業革命和現代社會的形成,藝術迅速脫離瞭學院派的束縛。 現實主義: 庫爾貝拒絕描繪理想化的曆史或神話,轉而關注當代生活和勞動者的艱辛,宣稱“我隻畫我能看見的”。 印象派: 莫奈、雷諾阿等藝術傢聚焦於瞬間的光影變化和主觀的視覺感知,他們走齣畫室,用鬆散的筆觸捕捉稍縱即逝的自然印象,徹底改變瞭繪畫的本質。 後印象派: 塞尚對結構和幾何形式的迴歸,梵高對色彩情感的極端運用,以及高更對原始與象徵的探索,為20世紀的藝術革命鋪平瞭道路。 第七部分:視覺的顛覆與新紀元的誕生(20世紀至今) 20世紀,藝術進入瞭前所未有的實驗高潮。我們係統梳理瞭這一時期的重大流派: 野獸派對色彩的解放,立體主義對三維空間的解構與多角度再現,未來主義對速度與機械的崇拜。 隨後,戰爭的創傷催生瞭達達主義的荒謬反抗和超現實主義對潛意識的深入挖掘。抽象藝術的誕生(如康定斯基),則標誌著藝術徹底脫離瞭再現的責任,走嚮純粹的視覺形式與精神錶達。 二戰後,藝術的中心轉嚮紐約。抽象錶現主義(波洛剋)強調創作過程本身;波普藝術(安迪·沃霍爾)則以消費文化為主題,模糊瞭高雅藝術與大眾媒體的界限。從極簡主義的純粹幾何,到概念藝術對“作品”定義的挑戰,藝術史進入瞭對媒介、材料和觀念本身的無限反思階段。 本書的最終目的,是讓讀者理解:藝術史不僅僅是風格的更迭,更是人類在不同曆史時期如何感知自我、理解宇宙、處理痛苦與追求美好的永恒記錄。它是一部關於人類如何“看見”世界的深度研究。