内容简介
For a book of its genre, our previous book, An introduction to gauge theories and the "new physics" (1982) was a great success. It was not, alas, sold in airport lounges, but it did run to two additional printings (1983, 1985), and to extensively revised editions in Russian (1990), and in Polish (1991). More importantly, it seemed to achieve the principal goal which we had set ourselves, namely, to present a pedagogical account of modern particle physics with a balance of theory and experiment, which would be intelligible and stimulating for both theoretical and experimental graduate students. We did not try to write a profound book on field theory, nor a treatise on sophisticated experimental techniques. But we did wish to stress the deep, intimate and fruitful interaction between theoretical ideas and experimental results. Indeed, for us, it is just this aspect of physics which makes it seem so much more exciting than say pure mathematics.
内页插图
目录
Preface
Acknowledgements
Notational conventions
Note added in proof: the discovery of the top quark (?)
Note added in proof: the demise of the SSC
18 Determination of the Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix
19 Mixing and CP violation
20 Regularization, renormalization and introduction to the renormalization group
21 Gauge theories, QCD and the renormalization group
22 Applications of the QCD renormalization group
23 The parton model in QCD
24 Large Pr phenomena and jets in hadronic reactions
25 Jets and hadrons in e+e- physics
26 Low Pr or soft hadronic physics
27 Some non-perturbative aspects of gauge theories
28 Beyond the standard model
Appendix 1: Elements of field theory
Appendix 2: Feynman rules for QED, QCD and the SM
Appendix 3: Conserved vector currents and their charges
Appendix 4: Operator form of Feynman amplitudes and effective Hamiltonians
Appendix 5: S-matrix, T-matrix and Feynman amplitude
Appendix 6: Consequences of CPT invariance for matrix elements
Appendix 7: Formulae for the basic partonic 2 → 2 processes
Appendix 8: Euclidean space conventions
References
Analytic subject index for vols. 1 and2
前言/序言
For a book of its genre, our previous book, An introduction to gauge theories and the "new physics" (1982) was a great success. It was not, alas, sold in airport lounges, but it did run to two additional printings (1983, 1985), and to extensively revised editions in Russian (1990), and in Polish (1991). More importantly, it seemed to achieve the principal goal which we had set ourselves, namely, to present a pedagogical account of modern particle physics with a balance of theory and experiment, which would be intelligible and stimulating for both theoretical and experimental graduate students. We did not try to write a profound book on field theory, nor a treatise on sophisticated experimental techniques. But we did wish to stress the deep, intimate and fruitful interaction between theoretical ideas and experimental results. Indeed, for us, it is just this aspect of physics which makes it seem so much more exciting than say pure mathematics. Our greatest pleasure came from the favourable reaction of students who were working through the book and from those reviewers who caught what we hoped was its essential fiavour——the writing creates the feeling of an active progression of ideas arising from the repeated interaction of theoretical prejudice with experimental observation, unlike most textbooks, it is highly readable, and makes everything appear simple and obvious. Well, the last comment is surely an exaggeration but that was our aim.
In thinking about a second edition we were faced with a serious conceptual problem. Ten years ago we were in a state of excited expectation.A beautiful theory had been created and led, via the simplest of calculations, to absolutely dramatic experimental predictions; principally the existence and basic properties of the heavy vector bosons W+ and Z0.A host of interesting new phenomena could be studied with no more elfort than the calculation of a lowest order Born diagram. Much of the new physics could be discussed and understood from rather qualitative arguments. That idyllic situation is much changed now.
After the few years during which the experimentalists were struggling to demonstrate the very existence of these new phenomena, when the world of physics was electrified by the discovery of one single W or Z event, we have moved into an era when LEP is mass-producing millions of Z0s!
好的,以下是基于您提供的书名《规范理论和现代粒子物理学导论(第2卷)》[An Introduction to Gauge Theories and Modern Particle Physics Vol.2] 撰写的、不包含该书内容的、详细的图书简介。 --- 经典电动力学与场论的深刻洞察:从麦克斯韦到量子场论的过渡 图书名称:《经典电磁场论:场、波与相对论基础》 作者: [此处可填入虚构的资深物理学家姓名] 页数: 约 850 页 出版年份: [虚构年份] 内容概述 《经典电磁场论:场、波与相对论基础》是一部全面且深入的教科书,旨在为物理学、工程学及相关领域的高年级本科生和研究生提供一个坚实、严谨的经典电磁场理论基础。本书着重于从麦克斯韦方程组的严格推导和精确应用出发,系统地阐述电场、磁场以及电磁波的性质,并将其完美地融入狭义相对论的框架之中。 本书的结构设计精巧,旨在弥合初级电磁学教学与现代场论研究之间的鸿沟。我们认为,对规范理论和现代粒子物理学的深刻理解,必须建立在对经典场论的无懈可击的掌握之上。因此,本书聚焦于经典物理学的巅峰成就——麦克斯韦理论的完整表述、其在不同参考系下的协变性分析,以及其在宏观和微观尺度上的经典应用。 第一部分:静电学与静磁学的严谨基础 本书伊始,我们便以静力学为起点,而非经验主义的堆砌。 第一章:静电场的数学描述 本章详细介绍了电荷密度、电流密度、电位移矢量 $mathbf{D}$ 与电场强度 $mathbf{E}$ 之间的关系,特别强调了在介质中处理边界条件的必要性。库仑定律被提升到微分形式,并引入了泊松方程和拉普拉斯方程作为求解静电势的基石。本章的核心是探讨静电学中的唯一性定理,这为后续场的求解提供了理论保障。我们通过球对称、柱对称等典型几何结构(如无限长导线、同轴电缆、带电球壳)的实际解耦问题,训练读者运用坐标系变换来简化复杂的边界条件问题。 第二章:静磁场的麦克斯韦基础 相较于静电学,静磁学需要引入电流的概念。本章详细推导了毕奥-萨伐尔定律和安培环路定律。关键在于磁感应强度 $mathbf{B}$ 与磁场强度 $mathbf{H}$ 的区分,尤其是在存在磁性材料时的处理方法。我们深入探讨了磁标势 $mathbf{A}$ 的引入,并证明了它在解决具有特定几何对称性的磁场问题中的优越性,特别是使用磁通量概念来计算电感。 第三章:介质中的电磁现象 介质效应是经典电磁学中容易被简化却至关重要的部分。本章专门用一整章的篇幅来解剖电极化($mathbf{P}$)和磁化($mathbf{M}$)的微观起源,尽管我们停留在经典唯象描述层面。我们详细分析了线性、各向同性介质中的电磁响应,并处理了界面上的电磁场边界条件,强调了电磁场在不同介质交界面上的反射和折射行为。 第二部分:电磁场的动态演化与电磁波 动态场论是本书承上启下的核心部分,它引导读者从静态的场论概念过渡到描述能量和信息传递的波动现象。 第四章:麦克斯韦方程组的完备性与微分形式 本章是全书的理论中心。我们从法拉第电磁感应定律和安培-麦克斯韦定律出发,严格推导并组装了完整的四组麦克斯韦方程组(微分形式)。我们运用了电磁场的局部守恒律(电荷守恒方程),并首次引入了场的协变性视角,为下一部分的相对论准备基础。 第五章:电磁波的产生与传播 基于完整的麦克斯韦方程组,本章推导出了均匀、无源介质中的齐次波动方程。我们详细分析了平面电磁波的性质,包括其横波特性、传播速度(光速的导出)、偏振态(线偏振、圆偏振、椭圆偏振)的数学描述。本章利用复数形式简化了衰减和相位的处理,并讨论了导波管中TE/TM模态的初步概念,展示了电磁场在约束空间中的传播规律。 第六章:电磁场中的能量与动量 场的动力学必须伴随着能量和动量的概念。本章引入了坡印廷矢量 $mathbf{S}$,用以描述电磁能量流的密度和方向。我们建立了电磁场的能量密度表达式,并推导了坡印廷定理,从而在经典框架内完整地描述了电磁场作为能量载体的角色。此外,电磁场对物体施加的动量和辐射压强也在本章得到了深入的探讨。 第三部分:狭义相对论在电磁学中的必然性 本部分是本书的亮点,它展示了经典电磁学本身就蕴含着相对论的种子,并非是后人强行嫁接的结果。 第七章:洛伦兹变换与四维矢量 本书不以惯性系间的变换为起点,而是先复习狭义相对论的基本假设。随后,我们聚焦于如何用四维矢量(四维位置、四维速度)来表示时空中的事件。关键在于引入四维电流密度 $J^mu$ 和四维电势 $A^mu$,为后续的张量分析奠定基础。 第八章:电磁场张量 $F^{mu
u}$ 的构建 这是本书最技术性的部分之一。我们证明了麦克斯韦方程组在洛伦兹变换下保持形式不变性的唯一途径,就是将电场 $mathbf{E}$ 和磁场 $mathbf{B}$ 组合成一个二阶反称的电磁场张量 $F^{mu
u}$。我们详细展示了如何通过 $F^{mu
u}$ 的洛伦兹变换法则,直观地理解电场和磁场是如何在不同参考系间“混合”的(例如,静磁场如何转化为运动电荷产生的电场)。 第九章:协变形式的麦克斯韦方程组与势的协变表述 在本章中,麦克斯韦的四组方程被优雅地简化为两个简洁的张量方程: $partial_mu F^{mu
u} = mu_0 J^
u$ 和 $partial_lambda F_{mu
u} + partial_mu F_{
ulambda} + partial_
u F_{lambdamu} = 0$。我们还重新审视了四维电磁势 $A^mu = (phi/c, mathbf{A})$,并讨论了洛伦兹规范(Lorenz Gauge)的选择,以确保场的动力学方程能够以最简洁的协变形式表达。 第四部分:经典场论的拓展:辐射与应用 第十章:电磁场的辐射场 本章专门处理加速电荷的辐射问题。我们引入了利纳捷尔势(Liénard-Wiechert Potentials),并由此推导了任意运动电荷的电磁场表达式。这直接导向了Larmor公式,精确计算了非相对论性加速电荷的总辐射功率。我们深入讨论了电磁辐射的物理图像,包括近场、远场以及偶极辐射的特性。 第十一章:电磁场的散场:相对论性电荷的动力学 本书的收官之章将经典电磁力(洛伦兹力)纳入相对论的框架。我们推导了洛伦兹力定律的协变形式 $frac{dp^mu}{d au} = q F^{mu
u} u_
u$,并讨论了在强电场和磁场耦合下带电粒子的相对论性运动。通过分析粒子在均匀电磁场中的运动轨迹(如回旋加速器中的螺旋运动),巩固读者对四维动力学描述的掌握。 总结 《经典电磁场论:场、波与相对论基础》旨在为物理学研究者提供一把精密的钥匙,用于开启更深层次的场论大门。通过对麦克斯韦理论的全面、基于协变性的重构,本书确保了读者能够以最高的理论纯度来理解电磁现象,为进一步探索量子电动力学(QED)及其他规范场理论中的经典极限打下不可动摇的基石。本书几乎不涉及量子化概念,专注于场论的经典、连续和确定性描述。