内容简介
《微分几何基础(英文版)》介绍了微分拓扑、微分几何以及微分方程的基本概念。《微分几何基础(英文版)》的基本思想源于作者早期的《微分和黎曼流形》,但重点却从流形的一般理论转移到微分几何,增加了不少新的章节。这些新的知识为Banach和Hilbert空间上的无限维流形做准备,但一点都不觉得多余,而优美的证明也让读者受益不浅。在有限维的例子中,讨论了高维微分形式,继而介绍了Stokes定理和一些在微分和黎曼情形下的应用。给出了Laplacian基本公式,展示了其在浸入和浸没中的特征。书中讲述了该领域的一些主要基本理论,如:微分方程的存在定理、少数性、光滑定理和向量域流,包括子流形管状邻域的存在性的向量丛基本理论,微积分形式,包括经典2-形式的辛流形基本观点,黎曼和伪黎曼流形协变导数以及其在指数映射中的应用,Cartan-Hadamard定理和变分微积分一基本定理。目次:(一部分)一般微分方程;微积分;流形;向量丛;向量域和微分方程;向量域和微分形式运算;Frobenius定理;(第二部分)矩阵、协变导数和黎曼几何:矩阵;协变导数和测地线;曲率;二重切线丛的张量分裂;曲率和变分公式;半负曲率例子;自同构和对称;浸入和浸没;(第三部分)体积形式和积分:体积形式;微分形式的积分;Stokes定理;Stokes定理的应用;谱理论。
内页插图
目录
Foreword
Acknowledgments
PART Ⅰ
General Differential Theory,
CHAPTER Ⅰ
Oifferenlial Calculus
Categories
Topological Vector Spaces
Derivatives and Composition of Maps
Integration and Taylors Formula
The Inverse Mapping Theorem
CHAPTER Ⅱ
Manifolds
Atlases, Charts, Morphisms
Submanifolds, Immersions, Submersions
Partitions of Unity
Manifolds with Boundary
CHAPTER Ⅲ
Vector Bundles
Definition, Pull Backs
The Tangent Bundle
Exact Sequences of Bundles
Operations on Vector Bundles
Splitting of Vector Bundles
CHAPTER Ⅳ
Vector Fields and Differential Equations
Existence Theorem for Differential Equations .
Vector Fields, Curves, and Flows
Sprays
The Flow of a Spray and the Exponential Map
Existence of Tubular Neighborhoods
Uniqueness of Tubular Neighborhoods
CHAPTER Ⅴ
Operations on Vector Fields and Differential Forms
Vector Fields, Differential Operators, Brackets
Lie Derivative
Exterior Derivative
The Poincar Lemma
Contractions and Lie Derivative
Vector Fields and l-Forms Under Self Duality
The Canonical 2-Form
Darbouxs Theorem
CHAPTER Ⅵ
The Theorem of Frobenius
Statement of the Theorem
Differential Equations Depending on a Parameter
Proof of the Theorem
The Global Formulation
Lie Groups and Subgroups
PART Ⅱ
Metrics, Covariant Derivatives, and Riemannian Geometry
CHAPTER Ⅶ
Metrics
Definition and Functoriality
The Hilbert Group
Reduction to the Hilbert Group
Hilbertian Tubular Neighborhoods
The Morse-Palais Lemma
The Riemannian Distance
The Canonical Spray
CHAPTER Ⅷ
Covariant Derivatives and Geodesics.
Basic Properties
Sprays and Covariant Derivatives
Derivative Along a Curve and Parallelism
The Metric Derivative
More Local Results on the Exponential Map
Riemannian Geodesic Length and Completeness
CHAPTER Ⅸ
Curvature
The Riemann Tensor
Jacobi Lifts
Application of Jacobi Lifts to Texpx
Convexity Theorems
Taylor Expansions
CHAPTER Ⅹ
Jacobi Lifts and Tensorial Splitting of the Double Tangent Bundle
Convexity of Jacobi Lifts
Global Tubular Neighborhood of a Totally Geodesic Submanifold.
More Convexity and Comparison Results
Splitting of the Double Tangent Bundle
Tensorial Derivative of a Curve in TX and of the Exponential Map
The Flow and the Tensorial Derivative
CHAPTER XI
Curvature and the Variation Formula
The Index Form, Variations, and the Second Variation Formula
Growth of a Jacobi Lift
The Semi Parallelogram Law and Negative Curvature
Totally Geodesic Submanifolds
Rauch Comparison Theorem
CHAPTER XII
An Example of Seminegative Curvature
Pos,,(R) as a Riemannian Manifold
The Metric Increasing Property of the Exponential Map
Totally Geodesic and Symmetric Submanifolds
CHAPTER XIII
Automorphisms and Symmetries.,
The Tensorial Second Derivative
Alternative Definitions of Killing Fields
Metric Killing Fields
Lie Algebra Properties of Killing Fields
Symmetric Spaces
Parallelism and the Riemann Tensor
CHAPTER XlV
Immersions and Submersions .
The Covariant Derivative on a Submanifoid
The Hessian and Laplacian on a Submanifold
The Covariant Derivative on a Riemhnnian Submersion .
The Hessian and Laplacian on a Riemannian Submersion
The Riemann Tensor on Submanifolds
The Riemann Tensor on a Riemannian Submersion
PART III
Volume Forms and Integration
CHAPTER XV
Volume Forms
Volume Forms and the Divergence
Covariant Derivatives
The Jacobian Determinant of the Exponential Map
The Hodge Star on Forms
Hodge Decomposition of Differential Forms
Volume Forms in a Submersion
Volume Forms on Lie Groups and Homogeneous Spaces
Homogeneously Fibered Submersions
CHAPTER XVI
Integration of Differential Forms
Sets of Measure 0
Change of Variables Formula
Orientation
The Measure Associated with a Differential Form
Homogeneous Spaces
CHAPTER XVII
Stokes Theorem
Stokes Theorem for a Rectangular Simplex
Stokes Theorem on a Manifold
Stokes Theorem with Singularities
CHAPTER XVIII
Applications of Stokes Theorem
The Maximal de Rham Cohomology
Mosers Theorem
The Divergence Theorem
The Adjoint of d for Higher Degree Forms
Cauchys Theorem
The Residue Theorem
APPENDIX
The Spectral Theorem,
Hilbert Space
Functionals and Operators
Hermitian Operators
Bibliography
Index
精彩书摘
We shall recall briefly the notion of derivative and some of its usefulproperties. As mentioned in the foreword, Chapter VIII of Dieudonn6sbook or my books on analysis [La 83], [La 93] give a self-contained andcomplete treatment for Banach spaces. We summarize certain factsconcerning their properties as topological vector spaces, and then wesummarize differential calculus. The reader can actually skip this chapterand start immediately with Chapter II if the reader is accustomed tothinking about the derivative of a map as a linear transformation. (In thefinite dimensional case, when bases have been selected, the entries in thematrix of this transformation are the partial derivatives of the map.) Wehave repeated the proofs for the more important theorems, for the ease ofthe reader.
It is convenient to use throughout the language of categories. Thenotion of category and morphism (whose definitions we recall in 1) isdesigned to abstract what is common to certain collections of objects andmaps between them. For instance, topological vector spaces and continuous linear maps, open subsets of Banach spaces and differentiablemaps, differentiable manifolds and differentiable maps, vector bundles andvector bundle maps, topological spaces and continuous maps, sets and justplain maps. In an arbitrary category, maps are called morphisms, and infact the category of differentiable manifolds is of such importance in thisbook that from Chapter II on, we use the word morphism synonymouslywith differentiable map (or p-times differentiable map, to be precise). Allother morphisms in other categories will be qualified by a prefix to in-dicate the category to which they belong.
前言/序言
The present book aims to give a fairly comprehensive account of thefundamentals of differential manifolds and differential geometry. The sizeof the book influenced where to stop, and there would be enough materialfor a second volume (this is not a threat).
At the most basic level, the book gives an introduction to the basicconcepts which are used in differential topology, differential geometry, anddifferential equations. In differential topology, one studies for instancehomotopy classes of maps and the possibility of finding suitable differen-tiable maps in them (immersions, embeddings, isomorphisms, etc.). Onemay also use differentiable structures on topological manifolds to deter-mine the topological structure of the manifold (for example, h ia Smale[Sin 67]). In differential geometry, one puts an additional structure on thedifferentiable manifold (a vector field, a spray, a 2-form, a Riemannianmetric, ad lib.) and studies properties connected especially with theseobjects. Formally, one may say that one studies properties invariant underthe group of differentiable automorphisms which preserve the additionalstructure. In differential equations, one studies vector fields and their in-tegral curves, singular points, stable and unstable manifolds, etc. A certainnumber of concepts are essential for all three, and are so basic and elementarythat it is worthwhile to collect them together so that more advanced expositionscan be given without having to start from the very beginnings.
Those interested in a brief introduction could run through Chapters II,III, IV, V, VII, and most of Part III on volume forms, Stokes theorem,and integration. They may also assume all manifolds finite dimensional.
好的,这是一本关于拓扑学、代数几何或黎曼几何的详细图书简介,它完全不涉及“微分几何基础(英文版) [Fundamentals of Differential Geometry]”的内容。 --- 《拓扑空间与连续性:从点集到纤维丛的严谨探究》 内容简介 本书旨在为读者提供一个关于现代拓扑学严谨且深入的导论。它不仅涵盖了集合论基础上的点集拓扑学的核心概念,更逐步引导读者进入代数拓扑和微分拓扑的广阔领域,重点关注结构、不变量与几何直觉的建立。全书内容组织遵循逻辑递进的原则,从最基本的空间结构出发,层层递进至更复杂的代数工具的应用。 第一部分:点集拓扑学的基石 本书的开篇部分(第1至4章)专注于建立拓扑学的基本语言和框架。我们首先从集合论的基础出发,回顾度量空间与拓扑空间的定义。 第1章:度量空间与拓扑空间的初步认识 本章详细阐述了度量空间的概念,通过引入开球、闭球、完备性(如巴拿赫不动点定理)等概念,为后续的收敛性讨论奠定基础。随后,我们引入拓扑空间的抽象定义——开集的公理化描述。讨论了拓扑的诱导、商拓扑的构造方式,并深入探究了拓扑空间中紧致性、连通性以及分离公理(如Hausdorff、正则性、正规性)的内涵及其相互关系。特别地,我们对紧致空间在连续映射下的性质进行了详尽的分析,并给出了Heine-Borel定理在 $mathbb{R}^n$ 上的推广。 第2章:连续性、同胚与拓扑不变量的萌芽 本章的核心在于理解“形状”的保持。我们严格定义了连续函数和拓扑同胚(Homeomorphism),并强调同胚是拓扑学中最核心的等价关系。通过构造一系列经典拓扑空间(如球面、环面、射影空间)的例子,读者将学会识别哪些性质在同胚下保持不变,从而初步理解拓扑不变量的概念。我们着重讨论了拓扑积空间和拓扑楔和(Wedge Sum)的构造,并展示了它们如何影响空间的连通性。 第3章:基本群:路径相关的代数不变量 进入代数拓扑的先驱。本章详细介绍了路径、路径同伦的概念,并构建了基本群(Fundamental Group) $pi_1(X, x_0)$。我们证明了基本群的函子性,并细致地讨论了 $pi_1$ 如何对空间中的“洞”进行代数描述。书中对环绕数(Winding Number)的计算给予了充分的篇幅,并将其应用于证明布劳威尔不动点定理(二维情况)以及证明 $mathbb{R}^2$ 中存在“不可收缩”的区域。最后的章节将展示如何计算圆周 $S^1$ 和环面 $T^2$ 的基本群。 第4章:覆盖空间理论 本章是连接点集拓扑与基本群的关键桥梁。我们定义了覆盖映射(Covering Map)及其局部性质。重点在于介绍提升定理(Lifting Property)和唯一提升定理,这些定理是研究基本群结构不可或缺的工具。通过研究有限覆盖空间,我们建立了基本群与覆盖空间之间的一一对应关系,并探讨了如何利用 $S^1$ 上的覆盖空间来重新证明 $pi_1(S^1) cong mathbb{Z}$。 第二部分:同调论与更精细的结构 本书的后半部分转向更强大的代数工具——同调论,用以探测更高维的“洞”。 第5章:奇异同调群的构造 本章引入奇异链复形(Singular Chain Complex)的构造,这是计算同调群的基石。我们详细定义了单纯形(Simplex)、奇异单纯形以及链群 $C_n(X)$。随后,定义了边界算子 $partial_n$ 并验证了其关键性质 $partial_{n} circ partial_{n-1} = 0$。基于此,我们引入循环群 $Z_n(X)$ 和边界群 $B_n(X)$,最终定义了奇异同调群 $H_n(X) = Z_n(X) / B_n(X)$。为了使读者理解抽象群论的必要性,本章包含了关于链映射和同调函子性的详细讨论。 第6章:同调群的性质与计算 本章致力于应用第5章定义的工具。我们证明了同调群对同伦的敏感性,即同伦等价的拓扑空间具有同构的同调群。我们利用Mayer-Vietoris序列作为主要的计算工具,推导出关于楔和、球体 $S^n$ 以及环面的具体同调群计算。本章还将简要介绍相对同调(Relative Homology)的概念,并展示其在处理边界问题上的优势。 第7章:对偶性与上同调理论的引入 在理解了同调之后,本章自然地引出了对偶概念——上同调(Cohomology)。我们首先介绍链映射诱导的映射在同调群上的“反向”作用,并引入张量积和Hom集的概念,定义了上链复形和上同调群 $H^n(X)$。我们将展示通过万有系数定理(Universal Coefficient Theorem)如何从同调群计算出上同调群,并初步讨论了上同调环(Cup Product)在区分具有相同同调群的空间方面的能力。 第三部分:结构与嵌入 本书的最后部分关注拓扑结构在更高级别空间上的体现。 第8章:流形概念的引入 虽然本书不是严格意义上的微分几何,但为了理解更广泛的拓扑结构,本章引入了流形(Manifold)的概念。我们详细定义了拓扑流形、可定向性,并讨论了有界性和紧致性在流形上的意义。重点分析了球面 $S^n$ 和实射影空间 $mathbb{R}P^n$ 的拓扑性质,并探讨了它们的不可定向性问题。 第9章:纤维丛:局部与整体的连接 本章探讨了纤维丛(Fiber Bundle)这一重要的局部平凡结构。我们定义了纤维丛、总空间、基空间和纤维,并重点分析了向量丛(Vector Bundle)的例子。通过介绍庞加莱对偶性(Poincaré Duality)的背景和直观意义,本章为理解代数拓扑工具在解析问题中的应用铺平了道路,并为读者进入更专业的几何学领域(如微分几何或代数拓扑的高级主题)做好准备。 目标读者: 本书适合数学、物理和理论计算机科学专业的高年级本科生和研究生,作为其拓扑学课程的教材或参考书。要求读者具备扎实的抽象代数基础(群、环、模的基本概念)和集合论知识。本书的编写风格注重概念的清晰定义和严谨的证明,同时辅以丰富的实例来激发读者的几何直觉。