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內容簡介

Sciences Under Space Conditions describes the interaction of gravity with neuronal systems. To deliver the basic scientific and technological background， the structures of neuronal systems are described and platforms for gravity research are presented. The book is rounded off by information about the interaction of chemical model systems with gravity and some simulations， and results about the interaction of gravity with neuronal systems from single molecules to the entire human brain are demonstrated. This is the first book to give a complete overview about neurophysiological research under conditions of variable gravity.
The book is intended for scientists in the field of space research, neurophysiology, and those who are interested in the control of non-linear systems by small external forces.

作者簡介

Dr. Meike Wiedemann and Dr. Florian P.M. Kohn are Biological Scientists in the Lab of Membranephysiology at the University of Hohenheim， Germany and have been working in the field of life sciences under space condition for some years. Prof. Harald Roesner has been working in the field of Neurophysiology and is now retired. Prof. Wolfgang R.L. Hanke is the leader of the Department of Membranephysiology at the University of Hohenheim.

內頁插圖

目錄

Chapter I Introduction
1.1 Historical remarks
1.1. Gravitational research
1.2 Excitable media and their control by small external forces
1.3 Waves and oscillations in biological systems
1.4 Book layout
References

Chapter 2 Gravity
2.1 Physical remarks
2.2 Perception of gravity by living systems
References

Chapter 3 Basic Structure of Neuronal Systems
References

Chapter 4 Platforms for Gravitational Research
4.1 Microgravity platforms
4.1.1 Short term platforms
4.1.2 Long term platforms
4.1.3 Magnetic levitation
4.2 Removing orientation
4.2.1 Clinostats
4.2.2 Random positioning machine
4.3 Macro-gravity platforms
4.3.1 Centrifuge
References

Chapter 5 A Model Systems for Gravity Research: The Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction
5.1 Setup for the Belousov-Zhabotinsky experiments
5.2 Preparation of gels for the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction
5.3 Data evaluation
References

Chapter 6 Interaction of Gravity with Molecules and
Membranes
6.1 Bilayer experiments
6.1.1 Hardware for the Microba mission
6.1.2 Hardware for the drop-tower
6.1.3 Hardware for parabolic flights
6.1.4 Hardware for laboratory centrifuge
6.1.5 Experimental results
6.2 Patch-clamp experiments
6.2.1 Principles of patch-clamp experiments
6.2.2 Hardware for the drop-tower
6.2.3 First hardware for parabolic flights
6.2.4 For the drop-tower
6.2.5 First parabolic flight experiment
6.2.6 Second hardware for parabolic flights
6.2.7 Second parabolic flight experiment
6.2.8 First results and future perspectives
References

Chapter 7 Behavior of Action Potentials Under Variable Gravity Conditions
7.1 Introductory remarks
7.2 Materials and methods
7.3 Isolated leech neuron experiments
7.4 Earthworm and nerve fiber experiments (rats and worms)
7.5 Discussion
References

Chapter 8 Fluorescence and Light Scatter Experiments to Investigate Cell Properues at Microgravity
8.1 Fluorescence measurements to determine calcium influx and membrane potential changes
8.1.1 Intracellular calcium concentration experiments
8.1.2 Membrane potential experiments
8.2 Light scatter experiments to determine changes in cell size
8.2.1 Static light scatter
8.2.2 Dynamic light scatter
References

Chapter 9 Spreading Depression: A Self-organized Excitation Depression Wave in Different Gravity Conditions
9.1 The retinal spreading depression
9.2 Gravity platforms used for retinal spreading depression experiments
9.2.1 Methods Contents
9.2.2 Experiment setup and protocol for spreading depression experiments in parabolic flights
9.2.3 Experiment setup and protocol for spreading depression experiments on TEXUS sounding rocket
9.2.4 Setup and protocol for spreading depression experiments in the centrifuge
9.2.5 Data analysis
9.3 Results
9.3.1 Spreading depression experiments in parabolic flights and in the centrifuge
9.3.2 Spreading depression experiments on sounding rockets and in the centrifuge
9.3.3 Determination of latency of spreading depression waves in the centrifuge
9.3.4 Summary of all spreading depression experiments on different gravity platforms
9.4 Discussion
9.4.1 Comment on different gravity platforms
References

Chapter 10 The Brain Itself in Zero-g
10.1 Methods
10.1.1 Slow cortical potentials (SCP)
10.1.2 Classical frequency bands in EEG
10.1.3 Peripheral psycho physiological parameters
10.1.4 Protocol and data analysis
10.1.5 Subjects
10.1.6 Ethic
10.2 Results
10.2.1 Slow Cortical Potentials (SCP)
10.2.2 Frequency band EEG
10.2.3 Peripheral stress parameters
10.3 Discussion
10.3.1 Slow cortical potentials
10.3.2 Frequency band EEG
10.3.3 Peripheral parameters
10.4 Conclusion
References

Chapter 11 Effects of Altered Gravity on the Actin and Mierotubule Cytoskeleton, Cell Migration and Neurite Outgrowth
11.1 Summary
11.2 Introductory remarks
11.3 Material and methods
11.3.1 Cell transfection
11.3.2 Cell culture and experiments with SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells
11.3.3 Cell migration experiments- Human carcinoma cell lines
11.3.4 Scratch Migration Assay (SMA)
11.3.5 Neurite outgrowth experiments-Primary cell culture of embryonic chicken spinal cord neurons
11.3.6 Imunostaining of cells
11.3.7 Staining of F-actin
11.3.8 Microscopy and live imaging
11.4 Results and discussion
11.4.1 Effects of altered gravity on actin-driven lamellar protrusion of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells
11.4.2 Effect of altered gravity on the microtubule cytoskeleton of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells
11.4.3 Effects of altered gravity on cell migration
11.4.4 Effects of altered gravity on the intensity and direction of neurite outgrowth
References
Chapter 12 Discussion and Perspectives
References
Index

精彩書摘

The question, which can be the cellular and further consequences of a higher open state probability is not that simple to be answered and will depend on the ion-channel under investigation. Up to now, only data for some specialized cases （model systems） are available, which are not to be applied to neuronal systems. However, let us speculate about the membrane of a neuron, having at least potassium channels to give the resting membrane potential and sodium channel to en- able action potentials （Hille, 1992; Weiss, 1997）. The sodium channels are closed at rest; the potassium channels are permanently open at a non-zero open state probability. In a simplified discussion, closed sodium-channels would not be affected by gravity as the gating mechanism is of electrical nature, a depolarization of membrane across a threshold value. However, potassium channels as being open anyhow, would react to gravity changes, applying microgravity would lower their open state probability. Having the Goldman equation in mind （Weiss, 1997） this would lead to a membrane depolarization. As long as the threshold for sodium channels is not reached, no action potentials would be elicited, but further stimulation would more easily give an action potential.
The next set of experiments which has to be taken into account then is those with spontaneously spiking neurons. A prediction from the above statements （speculations） would be that in this case the spike frequency should be higher at microgravity. Just that has been shown. Also, a direct measurement of membrane potential should result in less negative values. In the experiments utilizing voltage sensitive dyes accurately this has been shown. According to textbook knowledge （Hille, 1992）, at depolarization of membrane potential, voltage sensitive calcium channels open in the cell membrane, calcium enters the cell, and the intracellular calcium concentration increases. This could not be verified, in some experiments instead it was shown that the intracellular calcium level at microgravity drops （see above）. As the intracellular calcium concentration is a highly regulated value, this could be due to secondary effects, but will have again to be investigated more deeply.
可變重力條件下神經元係統中的自組織和斑圖動力學：空間條件下的生命科學 [Self-organization and Pattern-formation in Neuronal Systems Unde 下載 mobi epub pdf txt 電子書

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