內容簡介
The last thirty years have seen an enormous advance in our understanding of the microscopic world. We now have a convincing picture of the fundamental struc-ture of observable matter in terms of certain point-like elementary particles. We also have a comprehensive theory describing the behaviour of and the forces between these elementary particles, which we believe provides a complete and correct description of nearly all non-gravitational physics.
Matter, so it seems, consists of just two types of elementary particles: quarks and leptons. These are the fundamental building blocks of the material world, out of which we ourselves are made. The theory describ-ing the microscopic behaviour of these particles has,over the past decade or so, become known as the 'Standard Model', providing as it does an accurate account of the force of electromagnetism, the weak nuclear force (responsible for radioactive decay), and the strong nuclear force (which holds atomic nuclei together). The Standard Model has been remarkably successful; upuntil a year or two ago all experimental tests have verified the detailed predictions of the theory.
The Standard Model is based on the principle of 'gauge symmetry', which asserts that the properties and interactions of elementary particles are governed by certain fundamental symmetries related to familiar conservation laws.
內頁插圖
目錄
Preface
Part 1 Introduction
1 Matter and light
2 Special relativity
3 Quantum mechanics
4 Relativistic quantum theory
Part 2 Basic particle physics
5 The fundamental forces
6 Symmetry in the microworld
7 Mesons
8 Strange particles
Part 3 Strong interaction physics
9 Resonance particles
10 SU(3) and quarks
Part 4 Weak interaction physics I
11 The violation of parity
12 Fermi's theory of the weak interactions
13 Two neutrinos
14 Neutral kaons and CP violation
Part 5 Weak interaction physics II
15 The current-current theory of the weak interactions
16 An example leptonic process:electron-neutrino scattering
17 The weak interactions of hadrons
18 The W boson
Part 6 Gauge theory of the weak interactions
19 Motivation for the theory
20 Gauge theory
21 Spontaneous symmetry breaking
22 The Glashow-Weinberg-Salam model
23 Consequences of the model
24 The hunt for the W, Z0 bosons
Part 7 Deep inelastic scattering
25 Deep inelastic processes
26 Electron-nucleon scattering
27 The deep inelastic microscope
28 Neutrino-nucleon scattering
29 The quark model of the structure functions
Part 8 Quantum chromodynamics-the theory of quarks
30 Coloured quarks
31 Colour gauge theory
32 Asymptotic freedom
33 Quark confinement
Part 9 Electron-positron collisions
34 Probing the vacuum
35 Quarks and charm
36 Another generation
Part 10 The Standard Model and beyond
37 The Standard Model of particle physics
38 Precision tests of the Standard Model
39 Flavour mixing and CP violation revisited
40 The hunt for the Higgs boson
41 Neutrino masses and mixing
42 Is there physics beyond the Standard Model?
43 Grand unification
44 Supersymmetry
45 Particle physics and cosmology
46 Superstrings
Appendices
1 Units and constants
2 Glossary
3 List of symbols
4 Bibliography
5 Elementary particle data
Name index
Subject index
精彩書摘
In order to understand the weak interaction in greater depth, we need to first delve further into the properties of relativistic fermions. In Section 4.2,we Jeamt that relativistic fermions are described by two-component spinors (with another two-component spinor for the antiparticle). In the Newtonian limit,when fermions move slowly, these two components can be interpreted as the two spin states of the fermion: the fermion can either be spin-up or spin-down. However,when the fermions are moving close to the speed of light, the notion of spin is no longer so useful and we need a new way in which to classify the two fermion states. In turns out that there are two useful ways to do this. The first, which is closely related to spin, is to define the helicity as the component of the fermion's spin in the direction of motion of the fermion. The spin can either be aligned with or against the momentum, and the fermion is referred to as being in the helicity-plus or helicity-minus state respectively.
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前言/序言
粒子物理學概念(第3版)內容概述 本書《粒子物理學概念(第3版)》旨在為具有一定物理學基礎的讀者,特彆是高年級本科生和研究生,提供一個全麵而深入的粒子物理學導論。全書內容緊密圍繞粒子物理學的核心理論框架、實驗發現及其對基本物質和相互作用理解的演進展開。 第一部分:基礎迴顧與標準模型的建立 本書的開篇部分著重於對理解粒子物理學所需的基礎知識進行迴顧與鋪墊。這不僅包括狹義相對論的碰撞動力學——特彆是四動量、洛倫茲變換在粒子反應中的應用——以及量子力學中的基本概念,如波函數、薛定諤方程的推廣應用,更重要的是引入瞭粒子物理學特有的數學工具和框架。 隨後,作者係統地構建瞭粒子物理學的標準模型(Standard Model, SM)。這一部分詳細闡述瞭費米子(誇剋和輕子)的分類及其性質,特彆是它們如何適應於已知的基本相互作用。重點講解瞭描述這些相互作用的規範場論基礎。讀者將學習到如何從局域對稱性原理齣發,推導齣量子電動力學(QED)和描述強核力的量子色動力學(QCD)。 在標準模型的結構性討論中,書中詳盡剖析瞭規範群 $SU(3)_C imes SU(2)_L imes U(1)_Y$ 的物理意義。對稱性破缺機製——特彆是希格斯機製——被深入探討,解釋瞭如何為規範玻色子(W和Z玻色子)和費米子賦予質量,同時保持規範理論的自洽性。書中對於湯川耦閤(Yukawa coupling)在費米子質量産生中的作用進行瞭細緻的描述。 第二部分:強相互作用的深入分析 強相互作用是粒子物理學中最具挑戰性的領域之一。本書用相當的篇幅專門討論瞭QCD的特性。 漸近自由(Asymptotic Freedom): 理論部分詳細解釋瞭為什麼在高能區(小距離)誇剋和膠子之間的耦閤常數變弱的現象。這部分內容通常會結閤重整化群方程(Renormalization Group Equations)來展示 $alpha_s$ 的能量依賴性。 誇剋禁閉(Color Confinement): 書中探討瞭為什麼我們觀察不到自由的誇剋和膠子,而隻能觀察到強子(如質子和中子)。討論會涉及到晶格QCD(Lattice QCD)的初步概念,以及弦論或格點模型對禁閉現象的解釋嘗試。 強子結構: 本部分深入到強子的內部結構。讀者將學習到如何使用費曼圖(Feynman Diagrams)來計算高能散射截麵。對於低能強子物理,則會介紹非相對論性誇剋模型(Non-Relativistic Quark Model)來解釋強子譜,例如,如何通過計算質子和中子的磁矩來驗證誇剋模型的成功之處。同時,也會介紹深度非彈性散射(Deep Inelastic Scattering, DIS)實驗如何揭示瞭質子內部的動量分布函數(Parton Distribution Functions, PDFs)。 第三部分:電弱相互作用與中微子物理 電弱理論的整閤是粒子物理學的一大裏程碑。本書詳細介紹瞭如何將電磁力和弱核力統一起來。這包括對弱相互作用的細節分析,例如,弱宇稱宇稱性(Parity Violation)的實驗證據,以及區分左手和右手費米子在弱相互作用中的區彆待遇。 中微子振蕩(Neutrino Oscillation): 這是一個自標準模型建立以來最顯著的“新物理”跡象。本書詳細介紹瞭中微子獲得質量的實驗證據,從太陽中微子問題到大氣中微子實驗。書中將引入中微子質量矩陣和混閤角(如PMNS矩陣),解釋瞭三種味中微子如何在傳播中相互轉換的機製。 第四部分:實驗技術與探測 為瞭使理論描述更具象化,本書包含對粒子物理實驗技術的介紹。這部分內容側重於描述高能物理實驗的原理,而非具體的工程細節。 粒子加速器: 簡要介紹迴鏇加速器、同步加速器的工作原理,以及對撞機(如對撞束能量的提升)在探索更高質量粒子方麵的作用。 粒子探測器: 詳細說明不同類型探測器的基本物理過程,例如,粒子如何在電磁量熱計、強子量熱計、漂移室或矽微條探測器中留下可被測量的信號。對於帶電粒子,如何利用磁場偏轉來測量其動量;對於中性粒子,如何測量其能量。對事例重建(Event Reconstruction)的基本流程也會有所涉及。 第五部分:超越標準模型(BSM)的展望 標準模型雖然在描述已觀測現象方麵取得瞭巨大成功,但它並非終極理論。本書的最後部分著眼於現代物理學麵臨的未解之謎,並探討瞭主要的“新物理”候選理論。 質量問題與層級問題(Hierarchy Problem): 詳細討論為什麼希格斯玻色子質量如此之小,以及如何通過超對稱性(Supersymmetry, SUSY)等理論來提供理論上的天然解釋。 暗物質與暗能量: 概述宇宙學證據(如宇宙微波背景、星係鏇轉麯綫)對標準模型之外的新粒子的需求,並討論例如WIMPs(弱相互作用重粒子)等暗物質候選者。 大統一理論(GUTs)的初步探討: 簡要介紹將強、弱、電磁力在高能下統一的嘗試,例如 $SU(5)$ 或 $SO(10)$ 模型的理念,以及這些理論對質子衰變的預言。 全書的敘述風格力求清晰、嚴謹,強調物理圖像的構建,並穿插瞭必要的數學推導,旨在為讀者構建一個堅實且與前沿實驗緊密結閤的粒子物理學知識體係。