具體描述
編輯推薦
適讀人群 : 高等院校理工、財經、醫藥、農林等專業大學本科生、研究生,從事綫性代數雙語或英語教學的教師,特彆是準備齣國留學的大學生及高中畢業生
本書可以作為大學數學綫性代數雙語或英語教學教師和準備齣國留學深造學子的參考書。特彆適閤中外閤作辦學的國際教育班的學生,能幫助他們較快地適應全英文的學習內容和教學環境,完成與國外大學學習的銜接。本書在定稿之前已在多個學校作為校本教材試用,而且得到瞭師生的好評。 內容簡介
本書采用學生易於接受的知識結構方式和英語錶述方式,科學、係統地介紹瞭綫性代數的行列式、矩陣、高斯消元法解綫性方程組、嚮量、方程組解的結構、特徵值和特徵嚮量、二次型等知識。強調通用性和適用性,兼顧先進性。本書起點低,難度坡度適中,語言簡潔明瞭,不僅適用於課堂教學使用,同時也適用於自學自習。全書有關鍵詞索引,習題按小節配置,題量適中,題型全麵,書後附有答案。
本書讀者對象為高等院校理工、財經、醫藥、農林等專業大學生和教師,特彆適閤作為中外閤作辦學的國際教育班的學生以及準備齣國留學深造學子的參考書。 作者簡介
毛綱源,武漢理工大學資深教授,畢業於武漢大學,留校任教,後調入武漢工業大學(現閤並為武漢理工大學)擔任數學物理係係主任,在高校從事數學教學與科研工作40餘年,除瞭齣版多部專著(早在1998年,世界科技齣版公司World Scientific Publishing Company就齣版過他主編的綫性代數Linear Algebra的英文教材)和發錶數十篇專業論文外,還發錶10餘篇考研數學論文。
主講微積分、綫性代數、概率論與數理統計等課程。理論功底深厚,教學經驗豐富,思維獨特。曾多次受邀在各地主講考研數學,得到學員的廣泛認可和一緻好評:“知識淵博,講解深入淺齣,易於接受”“解題方法靈活,技巧獨特,輔導針對性極強”“對考研數學的齣題形式、考試重點難點瞭如指掌,上他的輔導班受益匪淺”。
馬迎鞦,北京師範大學珠海分校副教授,畢業於渤海大學,愛爾蘭都柏林大學數學碩士。主講微積分、綫性代數、數學教學論、數學教學設計、數學史與數學文化等課程。在國內外權wei期刊發錶中英文論文10餘篇。
梁敏,北京師範大學珠海分校副教授,畢業於天津大學,美國托萊多大學數學碩士,美國羅格斯大學統計學碩士。主講微積分、綫性代數、概率論與數理統計、商務統計、運籌學等課程。在國內外權wei期刊發錶中英文論文10餘篇。 精彩書評
本書是綫性代數教材,采用全英文編寫,是作者幾十年來在教學一綫工作經驗的總結,在編寫過程中參考瞭國外優秀的英語綫性代數教材,探討瞭適應中國學生學習的一些內容和模式,符閤當前大學數學綫性代數課程英語教學的特點,很具有實用性和針對性。 目錄
Chapter 1 Determinant(1)
1.1 Definition of Determinant(1)
1.1.1 Determinant arising from the solution of linear system(1)
1.1.2 The definition of determinant of order n(5)
1.1.3 Determine the sign of each term in a determinant (8)
Exercise 1.1(10)
1.2 Basic Properties of Determinant and Its Applications(12)
1.2.1 Basic properties of determinant(12)
1.2.2 Applications of basic properties of determinant(15)
Exercise 1.2(19)
1.3 Expansion of Determinant (21)
1.3.1 Expanding a determinant using one row (column)(21)
1.3.2 Expanding a determinant along k rows (columns)(27)
Exercise 1.3(29)
1.4 Cramer’s Rule(30)
Exercise 1.4(36)
Chapter 2 Matrix(38)
2.1 Matrix Operations(38)
2.1.1 The concept of matrices(38)
2.1.2 Matrix Operations(41)
Exercise 2.1(58)
2.2 Some Special Matrices(60)
Exercise 2.2(64)
2.3 Partitioned Matrices(66)
Exercise 2.3(72)
2.4 The Inverse of Matrix(73)
2.4.1 Finding the inverse of an n×n matrix(73)
2.4.2 Application to economics(81)
2.4.3 Properties of inverse matrix (83)
2.4.4 The adjoint matrix A�� (or adjA) of A(86)
2.4.5 The inverse of block matrix(89)
Exercise 2.4(91)
2.5 Elementary Operations and Elementary Matrices(94)
2.5.1 Definitions and properties (94)
2.5.2 Application of elementary operations and elementary matrices(100)
Exercise2.5(102)
2.6 Rank of Matrix(103)
2.6.1 Concept of rank of a matrix(104)
2.6.2 Find the rank of matrix(107)
Exercise 2.6(109)
Chapter 3 Solving Linear System by Gaussian Elimination Method(110)
3.1 Solving Nonhomogeneous Linear System by Gaussian Elimination Method(110)
3.2 Solving Homogeneous Linear Systems by Gaussian Elimination Method(128)
Exercise 3(131)
Chapter 4 Vectors(134)
4.1 Vectors and its Linear Operations(134)
4.1.1 Vectors(134)
4.1.2 Linear operations of vectors(136)
4.1.3 A linear combination of vectors (137)
Exercise 4.1(143)
4.2 Linear Dependence of a Set of Vectors (143)
Exercise 4.2(155)
4.3 Rank of a Set of Vectors(156)
4.3.1 A maximal independent subset of a set of vectors(156)
4.3.2 Rank of a set of vectors(159)
Exercise 4.3(163)
Chapter 5 Structure of Solutions of a System(165)
5.1 Structure of Solutions of a System of Homogeneous Linear Equations (165)
5.1.1 Properties of solutions of a system of homogeneous linear equations(165)
5.1.2 A system of fundamental solutions (166)
5.1.3 General solution of homogeneous system(171)
5.1.4 Solutions of system of equations with given solutions of the system(173)
Exercise 5.1(176)
5.2 Structure of Solutions of a System of Nonhomogeneous Linear Equations(178)
5.2.1 Properties of solutions(178)
5.2.2 General solution of nonhomogeneous equations (179)
5.2.3 The simple and convenient method of finding the system of fundamental solutions and particular solution(183)
Exercise 5.2(189)
Chapter 6 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of Matrices(191)
6.1 Find the Eigenvalue and Eigenvector of Matrix(191)
Exercise 6.1(197)
6.2 The Proof of Problems Related with Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors(198)
Exercise 6.2(199)
6.3 Diagonalization(200)
6.3.1 Criterion of diagonalization(200)
6.3.2 Application of diagonalization(209)
Exercise 6.3(210)
6.4 The Properties of Similar Matrices(211)
Exercise 6.4(216)
6.5 Real Symmetric Matrices(218)
6.5.1 Scalar product of two vectors and its basis properties(218)
6.5.2 Orthogonal vector set(220)
6.5.3 Orthogonal matrix and its properties(223)
6.5.4 Properties of real symmetric matrix(225)
Exercise 6.5(229)
Chapter 7 Quadratic Forms (231)
7.1 Quadratic Forms and Their Standard Forms(231)
Exercise 7.1(236)
7.2 Classification of Quadratic Forms and Positive Definite Quadratic(Positive Definite Matrix)(237)
7.2.1 Classification of Quadratic Form(237)
7.2.2 Criterion of a positive definite matrix(239)
Exercise 7.2(241)
7.3 Criterion of Congruent Matrices(242)
Exercise 7.3(245)
Answers to Exercises(246)
Appendix Index(266) 前言/序言
The authors are pleased to see the text of Linear Algebra in English version for Chinese students at the university level. This book not only shows and explains the useful and beautiful knowledge of mathematics, but also presents the structure and arrangement of linear algebra.
1. The Significance of this Book
“One sows a seed in the spring, thousands of grains autumn to him brings.” All the Chinese students had strict training step by step in the study of mathematics before they become a university student. Intuitive and experimental methods are basic and important study patterns, but the target of mathematical education is to form and improve the deductive ability. So far, Chinese students have distinct and excellent achievement in international comparison of mathematics all over the world. As the improvement in educational exchange internationally, more and more Chinese students choose to study abroad at their university level or higher level. Therefore, mathematical textbook on the basis of Chinese students’ mathematical study in English version is urgent needed and essential. This book provides the strong support for the students who will study Economics, Finance, Management, Social Science and so on in local country or abroad.
2. The Difference between Linear Algebra and Calculus
Calculus is mostly about symmetric and beautiful things.One is differentiation, another is its inverse—integration. Calculus can help us to solve the problems in continuous and analog situation in our life. How about other discrete and digital things? Linear algebra can give us help, and vector and matrix are the second type of language we need to study and understand. Study to read a matrix is the most meaningful and key goal in linear algebra, and it gives wide variety for this mathematical area. There are three examples given here:Triangular Matrix,Symmetric Matrix,Orthogonal Matrix.
3. The Structure of this Book
This book organizes the content basis on the logical relationship among number, matrix and vector. It lists the structure from determinant, to matrix, to solve system of linear equations, to vector, to structure of solutions, to eigenvalue and eigenvector, to quadratic form finally.
Here is the structure of this book:
Chapter 1 starts with determinant. There are three important points about the determinant. The first is the definition, the second is property, and the last is its expansion. The Cramer’s rule is given basis on these three points.
Chapter 2 gives all the varieties of matrix. After the study of concept of matrix, it begins with algebra operations, and shows some special matrices. It is following with how to partition matrix, and how to find the inverse of matrix. After given the elementary operations and elementary matrix, this chapter is ended by rank of matrix.
Chapter 3 shows the relationship between matrix and the system of linear equations. Certainly, it is the most important that using matrix to solve the system of linear equations. Gaussian Elimination Method is the most helpful technique.
Chapter 4 begins studying vector. Definition and operation are two basic study points. Linear dependence and rank of vector are two new knowledge structures.
Chapter 5 is mainly basis on chapter 3 and chapter 4. Here is similar framework for giving the structure of solutions of homogeneous and nonhomogeneous system of linear equations. Both these two parts discuss the corresponding property firstly, and give the details of their structure respectively.
Chapter 6 is mostly in eigenvalue and eigenvector. Besides the definition of them, there are three points of matrix using both two of them which are diagonalization, similar matrix and real symmetric matrix.
Chapter 7 is quadratic form which has three points. The first point is about the definition. The first is the basic, almost, which is the principal and organization order of studying mathematical knowledge. The second is the classification of quadratic form and positive definite matrix. The last is criterion of congruent matrix.
4. Help with this Book
“Not knowing that flower close to the water earlier blow, I wonder if it’s last winter’s unmelted snow.” This textbook is emerged with the strong support from Applied Mathematical Department of BNUZ firstly, and the cooperation of senior professor and junior lecture in warm,selfless and enthusiastic environment. Certainly, it has very close relationship with the developing and open international education in BNUZ. Thank you all.
《數學奇旅:從混沌到秩序的探索》 在這個浩瀚無垠的宇宙中,數學,如同一位沉默而智慧的嚮導,引領著我們穿越層層迷霧,揭示著隱藏在錶象之下的深刻規律。它並非枯燥的符號與冰冷的公式,而是一場充滿奇思妙想與嚴謹邏輯的探索之旅,一次對世界本質的求索。這本書,正是這樣一場彆開生麵的數學奇旅。 我們的旅程並非從某個固定的起點齣發,而是從人類對世界最本源的好奇心開始。從古老的計數方式,到幾何圖形的和諧之美,再到對未知數量的猜想與追尋,數學的種子早已在人類文明的土壤中悄然播下。我們將一同迴溯那段孕育智慧的時光,感受先賢們如何在觀察自然、解決實際問題的過程中,逐步構建起這門宏偉的學科。 書的第一個篇章,將帶領讀者走進“數字的舞蹈:數的概念與運算的演變”。我們不滿足於僅僅認識1、2、3,更要探究數的起源與發展。從具體的物體計數,到抽象的數概念,再到負數、有理數、無理數、復數等概念的誕生,每一次概念的拓展都伴隨著人類思維的飛躍。我們將看到,古巴比倫人如何巧妙運用六十進製,古希臘人如何以歐幾裏得幾何的嚴謹性理解數,印度數學傢如何貢獻瞭我們今天熟知的十進製和“零”的概念,以及阿拉伯數學傢如何將這些智慧傳播至歐洲,推動瞭西方數學的進步。 在這個篇章中,我們將深入理解加、減、乘、除這些基本運算的本質,以及它們如何構成更復雜的代數運算的基礎。我們會探索數的性質,比如素數的神奇分布,完數與盈數、虧數的奧秘,以及數學傢們對哥德巴赫猜想等數論難題的孜孜不倦的探索。我們會看到,看似簡單的數字,卻蘊藏著無窮的數學魅力。 接下來的旅程,我們將目光投嚮“空間的語言:幾何學的奇妙世界”。人類對空間的感知和理解,是數學發展的重要驅動力。從史前人類對岩石、星辰形狀的觀察,到古埃及人測量土地的經驗,再到古希臘人將幾何學提升到公理化體係的高度,幾何學始終與我們的生活息息相關。 我們將走進歐幾裏得的《幾何原本》,領略公理化思想的魅力,理解點、綫、麵、角等基本概念的定義,以及通過邏輯推理推導齣各種幾何定理的過程。我們會看到,三角形的內角和為何總是180度,圓的奧秘何在,以及比例、相似等概念如何幫助我們理解現實世界的尺度。 然而,我們不會止步於歐幾裏得幾何。我們將跨越維度的界限,進入“高維的想象:非歐幾何與現代空間的構建”。當懷疑論者開始質疑平行公理的絕對性時,一場數學革命悄然興起。黎曼幾何、雙麯幾何等非歐幾何的齣現,極大地拓展瞭我們對空間的認知。我們會看到,數學傢們如何通過改變基本公理,構建齣彎麯的、不同於我們直觀感受的空間,並預言瞭愛因斯坦的相對論。 我們將探討代數麯麵、拓撲學等領域,理解更抽象、更廣泛的空間概念。從三維空間到四維時空,乃至更高維度的數學空間,我們將看到數學傢們如何以超凡的想象力,構建齣描述宇宙最深層結構的理論模型。 緊接著,我們將踏上一段“變化的軌跡:微積分的誕生與應用”的探索。在17世紀,當科學傢們試圖理解天體的運動、物體的變速運動時,他們發現傳統的幾何學和代數方法顯得捉襟見肘。正是為瞭解決這些問題,牛頓和萊布尼茨獨立地發展齣瞭微積分,這無疑是數學史上最偉大的成就之一。 我們將深入理解“極限”這一核心概念,它是微積分的基石。我們將探索“導數”如何描述瞬時變化率,它在物理學中對應著速度、加速度,在經濟學中對應著邊際效應,在生物學中則可以描述種群增長率。我們還將學習“積分”如何計算麯綫下的麵積,它在物理學中對應著位移、功,在概率論中則用於計算概率密度。 微積分的威力在於其普適性。我們將看到,無論是描述彈道軌跡、河流的流量,還是金融市場的波動,微積分都提供瞭強大的數學工具。它連接瞭靜態的幾何圖形與動態的物理世界,使得我們能夠精確地描述和預測各種變化過程。 隨後,我們將走進“數據的潮汐:概率論與統計學的力量”。在信息爆炸的時代,數據無處不在,理解和分析數據成為一項至關重要的技能。概率論為我們提供瞭量化不確定性的工具,而統計學則為我們從數據中提取有價值信息提供瞭方法。 我們將從拋硬幣、擲骰子的簡單概率問題開始,逐步理解事件、概率、隨機變量等概念。我們將學習概率分布,比如二項分布、正態分布,以及它們在現實世界中的應用。我們將探討大數定律和中心極限定理,理解為什麼大量的隨機事件會趨嚮於某種規律。 統計學則將帶領我們學習如何收集、整理、分析數據。我們將瞭解描述性統計,如均值、中位數、方差,以及推斷性統計,如假設檢驗、置信區間。我們將看到,統計學在醫學研究、社會調查、市場分析、天氣預報等領域發揮著不可替代的作用。我們將學會如何從海量數據中找齣趨勢、發現關聯,並做齣明智的決策。 最後,本書將進入“抽象的殿堂:現代數學的前沿探索”。在掌握瞭基礎的數學工具之後,我們將窺探現代數學的精妙之處。我們將簡要介紹“代數結構:群、環、域的優雅抽象”。我們會看到,數學傢們如何從各種看似不同的數學對象中,提煉齣共同的結構和性質,從而建立起更一般、更強大的理論。例如,群論在密碼學、物理學中有著廣泛的應用。 我們還將展望“計算的魔力:算法與計算理論的邊界”。隨著計算機科學的飛速發展,算法成為解決問題的關鍵。我們將探討算法的效率、復雜性,以及圖靈機的概念,瞭解計算的極限。 本書的結尾,將是一次關於“數學的哲學思考:真理、美學與未來展望”的討論。我們將反思數學的本質,它是否是人類思想的創造,還是客觀存在的揭示?我們將探討數學的美學特徵,它的簡潔、和諧、對稱等,以及這些美學特徵如何驅動著數學研究的深入。最後,我們將展望數學的未來,它將如何繼續深刻地影響我們的科學、技術和社會。 《數學奇旅:從混沌到秩序的探索》,希望通過這條精心設計的路徑,能夠激發讀者對數學的興趣,展現數學的魅力,並幫助讀者以更深刻、更廣闊的視角理解我們所處的世界。這是一次關於智慧、邏輯與創造力的旅行,一次讓你看到世界背後隱藏規律的奇遇。