內容簡介
《規範理論和現代粒子物理學導論(1捲)》分為兩冊,詳細地介紹瞭粒子物理學的現代理論和實驗。條理分明,錶述連貫。作者以簡明直觀的方式,闡釋隱藏在實驗現象背後的深刻的物理原理,同時循序漸進地講解從事粒子物理研究用到的現代方法。《規範理論和現代粒子物理導論(1捲)》收入瞭許多粒子物理領域的新成果,還有若乾很有特色的議題,例如高階弱電效應,誇剋混閤,噴流,深度非彈性輕子-強子散射,簡單部分子模型的量子色動力學修正,以及量子色動力學的非微擾理論等。《規範理論和現代粒子物理學導論(1捲)》可以作為現代粒子物理學方嚮的研究生教材,對該領域的科研人員也有很好的參考價值。《規範理論和現代粒子物理學導論(1捲)》一冊主要包括電弱相互作用,新的基本粒子的探索及其物理性質的研究,部分子的發現,以及簡單部分子模型的構建和預測等。第二冊在介紹瞭CP破壞之後,主要講解量子色動力學及其在“硬”過程中的應用,同時也介紹瞭“軟”強子物理和非微擾量子色動力學。
內頁插圖
目錄
Preface
Acknowledgements
Notational conventions
Note added in proof: the discovery of the top quark (?)
Note added in proof: the demise of the SSC
1 Field theory and pre-gauge theory of weak interactions
1.1 A brief introduction to field theory
1.2 Pre-gange theory of weak interactions
1.3 The spin and isospin structure
1.4 Tests of the V-A structure and lepton universality
2 The need for a gauge theory
2.1 The intermediate vector boson
2.2 Towards a renormalizable theory
2.3 Gauge symmetry
2.4 Freedom to choose the gauge
2.5 Summary
3 Spontaneous symmetry breaking: the Goldstone theorem and the Higgs phenomenon
3.1 Spontaneously broken symmetries in field theory: Goldstones theorem
3.2 The Higgs mechanism
3.3 Unitarity and renormalizability
3.4 Suwmmary
4 Construction of the standard model
4.1 Model building (towards the standard model)
4.2 The standard model
4.3 Discovery of W and Z0
5 Lowest order tests of the SM in the leptonic sector
5.1 Phenomenology of purely leptonic reactions
5.2 A check of the minimal Higgs mechanism
5.3 Support for the SM from hadronic collider data
5.4 Concluding remarks
6 The Higgs boson
6.1 Introductory remarks
6.2 Higgs decay
6.3 Higgs production at the Z0 mass
6.4 Limits on the Higgs mass
6.5 Concluding comments
7 The standard model beyond lowest order
7.1 Radiative corrections
7.2 Renormalization and physical parameters
7.3 The effective fine structure constant
7.4 The muon lifetime revisited
7.5 Estimates of one loop corrections
7.6 Higher order corrections
7.7 Practical problems in testing radiative corrections
7.8 Strategies to overcome the imprecision in Mw
7.9 Testing the minimal Higgs mechanism
7.10 Beyond the standard model
8 e+e- physics and the standard model
8.1 Electron-positron storage rings
8.2 The new e+e- colliders: TRISTAN and LEP
8.3 e+e- physics at energies [[ Mz
8.4 e+e- and the standard model
8.5 LEP data near the Z0 peak
8.6 Determination of the SM parameters of the Z0
8.7 Neutrino counting
8.8 Asymmetries and polarization measurements at the Z0 peak
8.9 Conclusions
9 Extension to the hadrons; quark-lepton universality
9.1 Charm, bottom and top
9.2 Quark mixing
9.3 Electroweak interaction of the quarks
9.4 The GIM mechanism
9.5 Colour
9.6 Summary of the quark sector of the standard model
9.7 Quark masses and the KM matrix
10 Phenomenology of semi-leptonic reactions
10.1 Model independent tests
10.2 Parity violation in electron-nucleus scattering
10.3 Optical rotation
10.4 Summary
11 The discovery of the narrow vector resonances
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The new particles
11.3 Some qualitative features of QCD
11.4 Quark-lepton parallelism
11.5 Flavour classification of hadrons
11.6 The J/ψ and the OZI rule
11.7 Experimental status of the J/ψ spectroscopy
11.8 Properties of the J/ψ(3097) and ψ(3685)
11.9 Baryouic decay of J/ψ
11.10 The T family and its experimental status
12 Hidden flavour bound states
12.1 Quarkonium
12.2 J/ψ decays. Calculation of the widths
12.3 Determination of as
12.4 Leptonic widths
12.5 Exotics: glueballs, hybrids, etc.
12.6 ψ→π: a puzzle
12.7 Conclusions
13 Open heavy flavours
13.1 Discovery and basic properties of charm and bottom particles
13.2 Charm decay
13.3 B physics
13.4 Production of heavy fiavours
13.5 Heavy fiavours at LEP
13.6 Final comments
14 The heavy lepton τ
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Discovery of the τ lepton
14.3 Properties of the τ lepton
14.4 τ decay
14.5 The τ neutrino
14.6 Rare τ decays
14.7 Miscellaneous and conclusions
15 Towards the parton model deep inelastic scattering
15.1 Electron-muon scattering
15.2 Elastic electron-proton scattering
15.3 Inelastic electron-nucleon scattering
15.4 Inelastic neutrino-nucleon scattering
15.5 Deep inelastic scattering and scaling behaviour
15.6 Polarization effects in deep inelastic scattering
16 The quark-parton model
16.1 The introduction of partons
16.2 Antipartons
16.3 Partons as quarks
16.4 The detailed quark-parton model
16.5 Charged lepton induced reactions for Q2 of order M2z
16.6 Behaviour of the quark number densities as x → 0
16.7 The missing constituents--gluons
16.8 The parton model in polarized deep inelastic scattering
16.9 Appendix to Chapter 16: The patton model as an impulse approximation
17 Experimental tests of the quark-parton model
17.1 Deep inelastic scaling functions for Q2 [[ M2Z
17.2 Neutrino cross-sections in the quark-parton model for Q2 [[M2Z
17.3 Cross-sections in the quark-parton model for Q2 comparable with M2Z
17.4 Application of the parton model to related processes
Appendix 1: Elements of field theory
A1.1 Fields and creation operators
A1.2 Parity, charge conjugation and G-parity
A1.3 The S-matrix
Appendix 2: Feynman rules for QED, QCD and the SM
A2.1 Relation between S-matrix and Feynman amplitude
A2.2 QCD and QED
A2.3 The SM
A2.4 Some examples of Feynman amplitudes
A2.5 Colour sums
A2.6 The Gell-Mann SU(3) matrices
A2.7 The Fierz reshuffle theorem
A2.8 Dimension of matrix elements
Appendix 3: Conserved vector currents and their charges
References
Analytic subject index for vols. 1 and 2
前言/序言
for a book of its genre,our previous book,An introduction to gauoetheories and the"new physic"(1982)was a great success.It was not.alas,sold in airport lounges,but it did run to two additional printings(1983,198s),and to extensively revised editions in Russian(1990).and oin-Polish(1991).More importantly,it seemed to achieve the principal goal which we had set ourselves,namely,to present a pedagogical account ofmodern particle physics with a balance of theory and experiment,whichwould be intelligible and stimulating for both theoretical and experimental raduate students.We did not try to write a profound book on fieldtheory,nor a treatise on sophisticated experimental techniques.But wedid wish to stress the deep,intimate and fruitful interaction betweentheoretical ideas and experimental results.Indeed,for US,it iS just thisaspect of physics which makes it seem so much more exciting than say puremathematics our greatest pleasure came from the favourable reaction ofstudents who were working through the book and from those reviewerswho caught what we hoped was its essential flaV0ur——the writing createsthe reeling of an active progression of ideas arising from the repeatedinteraction of theoretical prejudice with experimental observation unlikemost textbooks,it is highly readable,and makes everything appear simpleand obviousWeII,the last comment iS surely an exaggeration but that was our aim.
相對論與量子場論基礎:現代物理學的邏輯框架 本書旨在為有誌於深入理解現代物理學,尤其是粒子物理學和凝聚態物理學深層結構的讀者,提供一個堅實而清晰的理論基礎。全書的重點在於構建和闡釋描述自然界基本相互作用——引力和電磁力、弱核力、強核力——的數學和概念框架:狹義相對論與量子場論(QFT)。我們將這種方法論的建立視為通往理解標準模型(Standard Model)及其後續理論的必要先決步驟。 本書結構嚴謹,從最基礎的數學工具開始,逐步過渡到物理學的核心概念,確保讀者在沒有預設深厚數學背景的情況下,也能逐步掌握這些高深理論的精髓。 第一部分:經典場論與狹義相對論的融閤 理論物理學的兩大支柱——經典力學(及其在場論中的擴展)和狹義相對論——的成功結閤,是構建現代物理學大廈的基石。 第一章:時空幾何與洛倫茲不變性 本章首先迴顧瞭牛頓力學中絕對時空觀的局限性。隨後,我們將深入探討愛因斯坦的狹義相對論。重點在於閔可夫斯基時空的概念,四維嚮量(如四維位置、四維動量)的構造,以及如何用洛倫茲變換來描述不同慣性參考係間的坐標轉換。我們詳細分析瞭洛倫茲群的性質,特彆是其與龐加萊群(包括平移)的關係,這為後續的對稱性原理奠定瞭數學基礎。 第二章:經典場論的變分原理 在分析粒子動力學之後,我們將視角轉嚮場。本章的核心是最小作用量原理(Principle of Least Action)。我們詳細闡述瞭如何利用拉格朗日密度 $mathcal{L}$ 來構造一個係統的動力學方程。 歐拉-拉格朗日方程(Euler-Lagrange Equations):從標量場 $phi(x)$ 齣發,推導齣描述其演化的運動方程。 場論中的正則量子化:雖然量子化將在後續章節深入,但本章引入瞭場變量的正則對易關係,作為從經典理論嚮量子理論過渡的橋梁。 能動量張量與守恒律:根據諾特定理(Noether's Theorem)的經典形式,我們推導齣能量、動量以及角動量守恒的精確錶述,這些是檢驗任何物理理論完備性的基本要求。 第三章:對稱性與守恒量——諾特定理的深度解析 諾特定理是理論物理學中最強大的工具之一。本章將對該定理進行全麵而細緻的闡述,展示它是如何將連續對稱性直接與守恒量聯係起來的。 內稟對稱性與外在對稱性:區分描述係統自身性質的內稟對稱性(如場重新標度)和描述時空轉換的外在對稱性(如平移、鏇轉)。 生成元與李代數:介紹對稱性群的生成元概念,並簡要觸及李群和李代數的基礎知識,這些將直接應用於規範理論中。 第二部分:邁嚮量子世界——相對論性量子力學 經典場論的框架需要與量子力學結閤,纔能描述粒子的産生與湮滅,以及更復雜的相互作用。 第四章:自由標量場的量子化 本章是實現從經典場到量子場的關鍵一步。我們將專注於最簡單的自由場——無質量和有質量的實值(Klein-Gordon)場。 正則量子化方法(Canonical Quantization):通過將場和其共軛動量提升為算符,並施加標準的對易關係,我們正式構建量子場算符。 粒子詮釋:展示量子化如何自然地引入産生算符 ($a^dagger$) 和湮滅算符 ($a$)。這些算符作用於真空態 ($left|0
ight
angle$),生成具有特定能量和動量的單粒子態,從而確立瞭量子場論的粒子概念。 真空結構:探討真空態的物理意義,它是所有能量最低的態,但並非空無一物,而是充滿瞭量子漲落。 第五章:相對論性費米子場——狄拉剋方程 描述電子、誇剋等具有半整數自鏇的粒子(費米子)需要一個與狹義相對論兼容的量子方程,即狄拉剋方程。 狄拉剋鏇量:引入四分量的狄拉剋鏇量,並推導齣其相對論性方程。詳細討論狄拉剋方程的洛倫茲協變性。 負能解的處理與狄拉剋海:經典上,狄拉剋方程的解包含負能態,這是早期理解中的巨大睏惑。本章將運用狄拉剋詮釋(即“洞”理論,盡管後來被量子場論取代)來理解這些負能解的物理意義——它們代錶瞭反粒子。 費米子量子化:與玻色子不同,費米子必須服從泡利不相容原理。因此,我們采用反對易關係進行量子化,這自然地保證瞭費米子的統計特性。 第六章:相對論性自鏇-1 場的描述——描述規範玻色子 本章探討如何描述自鏇為 1 的粒子,特彆是電磁場的量子化。 矢量場的運動方程:介紹描述自由矢量場的剋萊因-戈登方程的矢量版本,但很快會指齣該形式存在物理缺陷(如缺少自鏇的內在自由度)。 電磁場與規範不變性:將相對論性量子力學與電磁規範不變性相結閤,引入四維矢量勢 $A_mu$。 無質量矢量場的量子化:矢量場的量子化比標量場復雜得多,因為它涉及到縱嚮和時間分量的處理,以及規範選擇(如洛倫茲規範或庫侖規範)對物理結果的影響。本章將著重於如何在量子框架內保持規範不變性的概念完整性。 本書的結構設計旨在為讀者提供一個清晰的、從基礎到進階的路徑,理解物理學傢如何利用對稱性和變分原理,成功地將相對論性量子力學提升到具有內在自洽性的量子場論高度。後續的深入探討(如微擾論、費曼圖以及規範場論本身)將建立在這些堅實的基礎之上。