內容簡介
quantum groups first arose in the physics literature, particularly in the work of L. D. Faddeev and the Leningrad school, from the inverse scattering method, which had been developed to construct and solve integrable quantum systems. They have excited great interest in the past few years because of their unexpected connections with such, at first sight, unrelated parts of mathematics as the construction of knot invariants and the representation theory of algebraic groups in characteristic p.
In their original form, quantum groups are associative algebras whose defin-ing relations are expressed in terms of a matrix of constants (depending on the integrable system under consideration) called a quantum R-matrix. It was realized independently by V. G. Drinfeld and M. Jimbo around 1985 that these algebras are Hopf algebras, which, in many cases, are deformations of universal enveloping algebras of Lie algebras. A little later, Yu. I. Manin and S. L. Woronowicz independently constructed non-commutative deforma-tions of the algebra of functions on the groups SL2(C) and SU2, respectively,and showed that many of the classical results about algebraic and topological groups admit analogues in the non-commutative case.
作者簡介
作者:(美國)沙裏(Chari.V.)
內頁插圖
目錄
Introduction
1 Poisson-Lie groups and Lie bialgebras
1.1 Poisson manifolds
A Definitions
B Functorial properties
C Symplectic leaves
1.2 Poisson-Lie groups
A Definitions
B Poisson homogeneous spaces
1.3 Lie bialgebras
A The Lie bialgebra of a Poisson-Lie group
B Martintriples
C Examples
D Derivations
1.4 Duals and doubles
A Duals of Lie bialgebras and Poisson-Lie groups
B The classical double
C Compact Poisson-Lie groups
1.5 Dressing actions and symplectic leaves
A Poisson actions
B Dressing transformations and symplectic leaves
C Symplectic leaves in compact Poisson-Lie groups
D Thetwsted ease
1.6 Deformation of Poisson structures and quantization
A Deformations of Poisson algebras
BWeylquantization
C Quantization as deformation
Bibliographical notes
2 Coboundary PoissoI-Lie groups and the classical Yang-Baxter equation
2.1 Coboundary Lie bialgebras
A Definitions
B The classical Yang-Baxter equation
C Examples
D The classical double
2.2 Coboundary Poisson-Lie groups
A The Sklyanin bracket
B r-matrices and 2-cocycles
CThe classicalR-matrix
2 3 Classical integrable systems
A Complete integrability
B Lax pairs
C Integrable systems from r-matrices
D Toda systems
Bibliographical notes
3 Solutions of the classical Yang-Baxterequation
3.1 Constant solutions of the CYBE
A The parameter space of non.skew solutions
B Description of the solutions
C Examples
D Skew solutions and quasi-Frobenins Lie algebras
3.2 Solutions of the CYBE with spectral parameters
A Clnssification ofthe solutions
B Elliptic solutions
C Trigonometrie solutions
D Rational solutions
B ibliographical notes
4 Quasitriangular Hopf algebras
4.1 Hopf algebras
A Definitions
B Examples
C Representations of Hopf algebras
D Topological Hopf algebras and duMity
E Integration Oll Hopf algebras
F Hopf-algebras
4.2 Quasitriangular Hopf algebras
A Almost cocommutative Hopf algebras
B Quasitriangular Hopf algebras
C Ribbon Hopf algebras and quantum dimension
D The quantum double
E Twisting
F Sweedler8 example
Bibliographical notes
5 Representations and quasitensor categories
5.1 Monoidal categories
A Abelian categories
B Monoidal categories
C Rigidity
D Examples
E Reconstruction theorems
5.2 Quasitensor categories
ATensorcategories
B Quasitensor categories
C Balancing
D Quasitensor categories and fusion rules
EQuasitensorcategoriesin quantumfieldtheory
5.3 Invariants of ribbon tangles
A Isotopy invariants and monoidal functors
B Tangleinvariants
CCentral ek!ments
Bibliographical notes
6 Quantization of Lie bialgebras
6.1 Deformations of Hopf algebras
A Defmitions
B Cohomologytheory
CIugiditytheorems
6.2 Quantization
A(Co-)Poisson Hopfalgebras
B Quantization
C Existence of quantizations
6.3 Quantized universal enveloping algebras
ACocommut&tiveQUE; algebras
B Quasitriangular QUE algebras
CQUE duals and doubles
D The square of the antipode
6.4 The basic example
A Constmctmn of the standard quantization
B Algebra structure
C PBW basis
D Quasitriangular structure
ERepresentations
F A non-standard quantization
6.5 Quantum Kac-Moody algebras
A The-andard quantization
B The centre
C Multiparameter quantizations Bibliographical notes
7 Quantized function algebras
7.1 The basic example
A Definition
B A basis of.fn(sL2(c))
C TheR-matrixformulation
D Duality
E Representations
7.2 R-matrix quantization
A From It-matrices to bialgebras
B From bialgebras to Hopf algebras:the quantum determinant
C solutions oftheQYBE
7.3 Examples of quantized function algebras
A The general definition
B The quantum speciallinear group
C The quantum orthogonal and symplectic groups
D Multiparameter quantized function algebras
7.4 Differential calculus on quantum groups
A The de Rham complex ofthe quantum plane
BThe deRham complex ofthe quantum m×m matrices
CThedeRhamcomplex ofthe quantum generallinear group
DInvariantforms on quantumGLm
7.5 Integrable lattice models
AVertexmodels
BTransfermatrices
……
9 Specializations of QUE algebras
10 Representations of QUE algebas the generic case
11Representations of QUE algebas the root of unity case
12 Infinite-dimensionalquantum groups
13 Quantum harmonic analysis
14 Canonical bases
15 Quantum gruop invariants f knots and 3-manifolds
16 Quasi-Hopf algebras and the Knizhnik -Zamolodchikov equation
前言/序言
量子群入門 [A Guide to Quantum Groups] 內容提要 本書旨在為讀者提供一個全麵、深入且易於理解的關於量子群(Quantum Groups)領域的導論與進階指南。量子群,作為李群和李代數概念的推廣與變形,在現代數學物理中占據著核心地位,尤其在錶示論、可積係統、統計力學以及拓撲量子場論等前沿領域展現齣強大的威力。本書將係統地介紹量子群的代數結構、重要的數學構造,並闡釋其在解決物理與數學難題中的實際應用。 第一部分:代數基礎與結構 本書伊始,將為讀者奠定堅實的代數基礎。我們將從復李代數(Complex Lie Algebras)的經典理論齣發,迴顧根係(Root Systems)、Cartan矩陣以及Weyl群等核心概念。這一迴顧不僅是為後續內容做鋪墊,也是理解量子群如何從經典結構中“量子化”的關鍵。 隨後,我們將正式引入量子群的數學定義。核心焦點將放在霍夫代數(Hopf Algebras)的結構上。我們將詳細闡述量子群 $U_q(mathfrak{g})$ 如何被構造為特定李代數 $mathfrak{g}$ 的一個 $q$-變形,即一個依賴於參數 $q$ 的霍夫代數。重點解析量子群的對偶結構、Antipode(對映元)以及Yang-Baxter方程在其中的自然齣現。 我們將深入探討量子群最重要的錶示理論。首先介紹有限維錶示的構造,包括權空間(Weight Spaces)、最高權重模(Highest Weight Modules)的分解規律。不同於經典李代數,量子群的錶示依賴於參數 $q$ 的取值(如 $q$ 是一個根的單位根,或 $q$ 是一個不定參數)。我們將詳細分析在 $q$ 為原根單位根 $zeta$ 時的特殊情況,即“有限維模”或“三角化模”的性質,這與仿射李代數(Affine Lie Algebras)的錶示密切相關。 第二部分:關鍵構造與概念深化 在奠定代數基礎後,本書將轉嚮量子群理論中的幾個關鍵且精妙的構造。 R 矩陣與 Yang-Baxter 方程: 我們將詳細探討 $R$ 矩陣的作用。 $R$ 矩陣是量子群錶示理論中的核心工具,它本質上是霍夫代數在特定張量積空間上的一個可逆綫性算子,它滿足著名的量子楊-巴剋斯特方程(Quantum Yang-Baxter Equation, QYBE)。我們將展示如何利用李代數的經典 $r$ 矩陣來構造 $R$ 矩陣,並闡述 $R$ 矩陣如何編碼瞭係統在時間演化中的可對易性,這在可積模型的解中至關重要。 量子化與李代數的變體: 理論探討將延伸至量子群的特定族群。我們將分析 量子環(Quantum Affine Algebras),它們是更廣泛的一類結構,與可積晶格模型(Lattice Models)緊密相關。通過對經典仿射李代數的 $q$-變形,展示量子仿射代數在錶示論和代數幾何中的重要性。 簇代數(Cluster Algebras)的聯係: 現代研究錶明,量子群與特定代數結構,特彆是簇代數之間存在深刻的對偶性。本書將引入 Fomin-Zelevinsky 的理論框架,闡釋如何利用量子群的特定錶示(如 $L$-矩陣或轉移矩陣)來生成簇代數中的特定元素,揭示兩者在幾何和組閤學上的共通性。 第三部分:應用與前沿課題 本書的後半部分將聚焦於量子群在數學物理中的實際應用。 可積係統與統計物理: 量子群理論的起源之一是研究可積模型的精確解。我們將詳細討論如何利用量子群的 $R$ 矩陣,特彆是與 Yang-Baxter 方程相關的構造,來構建和求解諸如 XXZ 模型 這樣的海森堡鏈模型。通過量子群的跡函數(Trace Function)和特定權重嚮量的計算,展示如何通過代數方法獲得配分函數(Partition Function)的精確解。 拓撲不變量: 量子群在拓撲學中的應用是其最迷人的領域之一。我們將介紹 紐結理論(Knot Theory) 與量子群的關係。特彆是,我們將討論 Jones 多項式 及其推廣——扭轉子(Skein Relations) 的代數起源,這直接來自於量子群的特定錶示。此外,還將介紹 Reshetikhin-Turaev 理論,該理論利用量子群的框架來定義三維流形上的拓撲不變量(如 Turaev-Viro 理論的代數基礎)。 量子群的幾何化: 現代數學物理傾嚮於尋找幾何解釋。本書將介紹 幾何朗蘭茲綱領(Geometric Langlands Program) 中量子群所扮演的角色。通過 量子群的晶體基(Crystal Basis) 理論,我們將探討如何將代數結構轉化為純組閤和幾何對象,從而理解量子群錶示的結構。晶體基提供瞭一種非綫性、無需參數 $q$ 的方式來描述模,極大地簡化瞭錶示的構造和分解,並與下降鏈(Decreasing Chains)緊密相關。 結論 本書的編寫旨在培養讀者對量子群這一復雜而優美結構的深刻理解,不僅停留在形式的代數操作,更在於把握其背後的物理直覺和數學構造的統一性。通過係統的理論闡述和詳盡的實例分析,讀者將能夠掌握進入現代代數、錶示論和理論物理研究的堅實工具。