“利维坦”原为《旧约圣经》中记载的一种怪兽,在本书中用来比喻强势的国家。本书系统地阐述了国家学说,探讨了社会的结构,其中的人性论、社会契约论以及国家的本质和作用等思想在西方产生了深远的影响,是西方zui著名和有影响力的政治哲学著作之一。
古人有云:朝闻道,夕死可矣。人是社会动物,都有窥探社会组织架构、了解社会组织形态的好奇心和冲动。而现代社会更多脱胎于始于欧洲的资产阶级革命,要想做这方面的探究,和伟人直接对话是一条捷径。这就是这套原版的社科经典丛书的编辑初衷。不管你是学哲学的学生,还是从事社会科学研究的学者,不读几部经典原著,不在书架上摆上一套经典原著,应该是人生的一大憾事。
霍布斯(Thomas Hobbes,1588—1679),英国政治家、哲学家。他创立了机械唯物主义的完整体系,指出宇宙是所有机械地运动着的广延物体的总和。他提出“自然状态”和国家起源说,指出国家是人们为了遵守“自然法”而订立契约所形成的,是一部人造的机器人,反对君权神授,主张君主专制。他把罗马教皇比作魔王,僧侣比作群鬼,但主张利用“国教”来管束人民,维护“秩序”,提出“自然状态”和国家起源说,指出国家是人们为了遵守“自然法”而订立契约所形成的的,事一部人造的机器人,反对君权神授,主张君主专制。
The Introduction 001
PART 1OF MAN 004
PART 2OF COMMON�瞁EALTH 149
A REVIEW, AND CONCLUSION 329
Leviathan: of man and common-wealth
By Thomas Hobbes,1651
THE INTRODUCTION
Nature (the art whereby God hath made and governes the world) is by the art of man, as in many other things, so in this also imitated, that it can make an Artificial Animal. For seeing life is but a motion of Limbs, the begining whereof is in some principall part within; why may we not say, that all Automata (Engines that move themselves by springs and wheeles as doth a watch) have an artificiall life? For what is the Heart, but a Spring; and the Nerves, but so many Strings; and the Joynts, but so many Wheeles, giving motion to the whole Body, such as was intended by the Artificer? Art goes yet further, imitating that Rationall and most excellent worke of Nature, Man. For by Art is created that great LEVIATHAN called a COMMON-WEALTH, or STATE, (in latine CIVITAS) which is but an Artificiall Man; though of greater stature and strength than the Naturall, for whose protection and defence it was intended; and in which, the Soveraignty is an Artificiall Soul, as giving life and motion to the whole body; The Magistrates, and other Officers of Judicature and Execution, artificiall Joynts; Reward and Punishment (by which fastned to the seat of the Soveraignty, every joynt and member is moved to performe his duty) are the Nerves, that do the same in the Body Naturall; The Wealth and Riches of all the particular members, are the Strength; Salus Populi (the Peoples Safety) its Businesse; Counsellors, by whom all things needfull for it to know, are suggested unto it, are the Memory; Equity and Lawes, an artificiall Reason and Will; Concord, Health; Sedition, Sicknesse; and Civill War, Death. Lastly, the Pacts and Covenants, by which the parts of this Body Politique were at first made, set together, and united, resemble that Fiat, or the Let Us Make Man, pronounced by God in the Creation.
To describe the Nature of this Artificiall man, I will consider
First the Matter thereof, and the Artificer; both which is Man.
Secondly, How, and by what Covenants it is made; what are the Rights and just Power or Authority of a Soveraigne; and what it is that Preserveth and Dissolveth it.
Thirdly, what is a Christian Common-Wealth.
Lastly, what is the Kingdome of Darkness.
Concerning the first, there is a saying much usurped of late, That Wisedome is acquired, not by reading of Books, but of Men. Consequently whereunto, those persons, that for the most part can give no other proof of being wise, take great delight to shew what they think they have read in men, by uncharitable censures of one another behind their backs. But there is another saying not of late understood, by which they might learn truly to read one another, if they would take the pains; and that is, Nosce Teipsum, Read Thy Self: which was not meant, as it is now used, to countenance, either the barbarous state of men in power, towards their inferiors; or to encourage men of low degree, to a sawcie behaviour towards their betters; But to teach us, that for the similitude of the thoughts, and Passions of one man, to the thoughts, and Passions of another, whosoever looketh into himselfe, and considereth what he doth, when he does Think, Opine, Reason, Hope, Feare, &c;, and upon what grounds; he shall thereby read and know, what are the thoughts, and Passions of all other men, upon the like occasions. I say the similitude of Passions, which are the same in all men, Desire, Feare, Hope, &c; not the similitude or The Objects of the Passions, which are the things Desired, Feared, Hoped, &c;: for these the constitution individuall, and particular education do so vary, and they are so easie to be kept from our knowledge, that the characters of mans heart, blotted and confounded as they are, with dissembling, lying, counterfeiting, and erroneous doctrines, are legible onely to him that searcheth hearts. And though by mens actions wee do discover their designee sometimes; yet to do it without comparing them with our own, and distinguishing all circumstances, by which the case may come to be altered, is to decypher without a key, and be for the most part deceived, by too much trust, or by too much diffidence; as he that reads, is himselfe a good or evill man.
But let one man read another by his actions never so perfectly, it serves him onely with his acquaintance, which are but few. He that is to govern a whole Nation, must read in himselfe, not this, or that particular man; but Man-kind; which though it be hard to do, harder than to learn any Language, or Science; yet, when I shall have set down my own reading orderly, and perspicuously, the pains left another, will be onely to consider, if he also find not the same in himselfe. For this kind of Doctrine, admitteth no other Demonstration.
阅读此书,其文字的古旧感与思想的现代性形成了奇妙的张力。虽然语言风格带有那个时代的烙印,显得冗长和精确,但其核心关切——如何避免社会解体,如何有效治理原子化的个体——在当代社会依然拥有惊人的相关性。尤其是在面对全球性危机和信息碎片化加剧的今天,重新审视主权和强制力的必要性,显得尤为迫切。我注意到作者在定义权力时,那种纯粹的、不掺杂宗教或道德光环的视角,非常具有穿透力。他将政治行为还原为力量的博弈与合同的约束,这种还原论的方法论,极大地增强了分析的力度。整个阅读过程,就像是接受了一次对“权力”的祛魅,使人对政治现实有了更为清醒的认识,不再被浪漫化的修辞所迷惑。
评分说实话,这本书的阅读体验绝非轻松惬意,它更像是一场漫长而艰苦的智力跋涉。我时常需要停下来,反复研读同一段落,试图完全消化其中蕴含的哲学重量。作者构建了一个极其严密的逻辑体系,每一个概念的提出都像是为下一层的论证打下坚实的基础,缺乏任何一环,整个大厦都可能崩塌。这种体系的严密性,带来的阅读震撼是无与伦比的。它不像是一些流于表面的政治评论,而是深入到形而上的层面,探讨了何为“主权”的本质,以及这种主权在实践中必然呈现出的绝对性。每一次深呼吸,都感觉自己好像站在了一个悬崖边,俯瞰着人类文明的起点,那里充满了不确定性和暴力,而“利维坦”正是我们共同签订的、用来抵御深渊的巨大人造物。读完后,那种对现有秩序的理解,已经彻底被重塑,带有一种久久不散的清醒和警惕。
评分这部鸿篇巨制,初翻开时便被其宏大的构架和绵密如织的论证所震慑。它不像是一部单纯的政治哲学著作,更像是一部试图剖析人类社会运行底层逻辑的系统工程学手册。作者的笔触冷静而锐利,仿佛手持一把无形的解剖刀,直插入权力的核心,毫不留情地揭示出构建稳定秩序的必要性与残酷性。阅读过程中,我时常感到一种智力上的高强度挑战,需要不断地与作者的逻辑链条保持同步,思考他如何从最基础的个体欲望出发,层层递进,最终构建起那个至高无上的“利维坦”。这种从微观个体经验上升到宏观国家形态的思维路径,极大地拓展了我对政治起源的理解,让人不得不重新审视我们习以为常的社会契约的基础究竟建立在何种人性之上。那种对“自然状态”的描绘,尤其令人心寒,它迫使读者直面人性中最为原始、最为赤裸的竞争与恐惧,从而理解为何我们需要一个强力来约束这一切。
评分这部著作的结构安排堪称教科书级别,逻辑推进得犹如精密的钟表齿轮咬合。从个体心理学基础开始,步步为营地推导到法律和宗教的必要性,作者展现了惊人的思维跨度和系统构建能力。它不仅仅是在探讨“应该如何治理”,更是在解释“为何必须这样治理”。我尤其对作者关于法律的论述印象深刻,他将法律视为主权者意志的延伸,是唯一的、无可置疑的秩序来源。这与当代多元化解释体系下的法律观形成了鲜明的对比,带来强烈的反思空间。每读完一个章节,我都有种感觉,好像作者已经把人类文明发展中的所有可能的风险点都标记了出来,并给出了唯一的“解决方案”。这是一种强大而略带压抑的阅读体验——强大在于其逻辑的自洽性,压抑在于它似乎没有为混乱和变通留下太多空间。
评分对于习惯了现代民主叙事的人来说,这本书的某些论断无疑是颠覆性的、甚至是令人不安的。作者对人类“自然状态”的描绘——那种“所有人反对所有人的战争”——虽然是假设性的,却以其近乎残忍的写实性击中了人性深处的脆弱。这种彻底的悲观主义为他后续的政治构造提供了无可辩驳的基石。我特别欣赏他处理“自由”与“安全”这对永恒矛盾的方式。他没有进行空洞的道德说教,而是从最实际的生存需求出发,论证了为了获得最低限度的安宁,个体必须做出何种程度的让渡。这种功利主义的、近乎冰冷的计算,使得他笔下的国家机器显得如此真实可感,不再是抽象的理想,而是维持生命延续的必要工具。这迫使我思考,我们今天所珍视的权利,究竟是在多大程度上建立在对更原始混乱状态的恐惧之上的。
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评分学习古典作品,挺好的
评分书的质量不错,印刷和纸质好,开卷有益
评分学习古典作品,挺好的
评分学习古典作品,挺好的
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评分必读的教材,值得看一看。
评分很棒了 不知道是古英语版本还是后来翻译过的
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