“利維坦”原為《舊約聖經》中記載的一種怪獸,在本書中用來比喻強勢的國傢。本書係統地闡述瞭國傢學說,探討瞭社會的結構,其中的人性論、社會契約論以及國傢的本質和作用等思想在西方産生瞭深遠的影響,是西方zui著名和有影響力的政治哲學著作之一。
古人有雲:朝聞道,夕死可矣。人是社會動物,都有窺探社會組織架構、瞭解社會組織形態的好奇心和衝動。而現代社會更多脫胎於始於歐洲的資産階級革命,要想做這方麵的探究,和偉人直接對話是一條捷徑。這就是這套原版的社科經典叢書的編輯初衷。不管你是學哲學的學生,還是從事社會科學研究的學者,不讀幾部經典原著,不在書架上擺上一套經典原著,應該是人生的一大憾事。
霍布斯(Thomas Hobbes,1588—1679),英國政治傢、哲學傢。他創立瞭機械唯物主義的完整體係,指齣宇宙是所有機械地運動著的廣延物體的總和。他提齣“自然狀態”和國傢起源說,指齣國傢是人們為瞭遵守“自然法”而訂立契約所形成的,是一部人造的機器人,反對君權神授,主張君主專製。他把羅馬教皇比作魔王,僧侶比作群鬼,但主張利用“國教”來管束人民,維護“秩序”,提齣“自然狀態”和國傢起源說,指齣國傢是人們為瞭遵守“自然法”而訂立契約所形成的的,事一部人造的機器人,反對君權神授,主張君主專製。
The Introduction 001
PART 1OF MAN 004
PART 2OF COMMON�瞁EALTH 149
A REVIEW, AND CONCLUSION 329
Leviathan: of man and common-wealth
By Thomas Hobbes,1651
THE INTRODUCTION
Nature (the art whereby God hath made and governes the world) is by the art of man, as in many other things, so in this also imitated, that it can make an Artificial Animal. For seeing life is but a motion of Limbs, the begining whereof is in some principall part within; why may we not say, that all Automata (Engines that move themselves by springs and wheeles as doth a watch) have an artificiall life? For what is the Heart, but a Spring; and the Nerves, but so many Strings; and the Joynts, but so many Wheeles, giving motion to the whole Body, such as was intended by the Artificer? Art goes yet further, imitating that Rationall and most excellent worke of Nature, Man. For by Art is created that great LEVIATHAN called a COMMON-WEALTH, or STATE, (in latine CIVITAS) which is but an Artificiall Man; though of greater stature and strength than the Naturall, for whose protection and defence it was intended; and in which, the Soveraignty is an Artificiall Soul, as giving life and motion to the whole body; The Magistrates, and other Officers of Judicature and Execution, artificiall Joynts; Reward and Punishment (by which fastned to the seat of the Soveraignty, every joynt and member is moved to performe his duty) are the Nerves, that do the same in the Body Naturall; The Wealth and Riches of all the particular members, are the Strength; Salus Populi (the Peoples Safety) its Businesse; Counsellors, by whom all things needfull for it to know, are suggested unto it, are the Memory; Equity and Lawes, an artificiall Reason and Will; Concord, Health; Sedition, Sicknesse; and Civill War, Death. Lastly, the Pacts and Covenants, by which the parts of this Body Politique were at first made, set together, and united, resemble that Fiat, or the Let Us Make Man, pronounced by God in the Creation.
To describe the Nature of this Artificiall man, I will consider
First the Matter thereof, and the Artificer; both which is Man.
Secondly, How, and by what Covenants it is made; what are the Rights and just Power or Authority of a Soveraigne; and what it is that Preserveth and Dissolveth it.
Thirdly, what is a Christian Common-Wealth.
Lastly, what is the Kingdome of Darkness.
Concerning the first, there is a saying much usurped of late, That Wisedome is acquired, not by reading of Books, but of Men. Consequently whereunto, those persons, that for the most part can give no other proof of being wise, take great delight to shew what they think they have read in men, by uncharitable censures of one another behind their backs. But there is another saying not of late understood, by which they might learn truly to read one another, if they would take the pains; and that is, Nosce Teipsum, Read Thy Self: which was not meant, as it is now used, to countenance, either the barbarous state of men in power, towards their inferiors; or to encourage men of low degree, to a sawcie behaviour towards their betters; But to teach us, that for the similitude of the thoughts, and Passions of one man, to the thoughts, and Passions of another, whosoever looketh into himselfe, and considereth what he doth, when he does Think, Opine, Reason, Hope, Feare, &c;, and upon what grounds; he shall thereby read and know, what are the thoughts, and Passions of all other men, upon the like occasions. I say the similitude of Passions, which are the same in all men, Desire, Feare, Hope, &c; not the similitude or The Objects of the Passions, which are the things Desired, Feared, Hoped, &c;: for these the constitution individuall, and particular education do so vary, and they are so easie to be kept from our knowledge, that the characters of mans heart, blotted and confounded as they are, with dissembling, lying, counterfeiting, and erroneous doctrines, are legible onely to him that searcheth hearts. And though by mens actions wee do discover their designee sometimes; yet to do it without comparing them with our own, and distinguishing all circumstances, by which the case may come to be altered, is to decypher without a key, and be for the most part deceived, by too much trust, or by too much diffidence; as he that reads, is himselfe a good or evill man.
But let one man read another by his actions never so perfectly, it serves him onely with his acquaintance, which are but few. He that is to govern a whole Nation, must read in himselfe, not this, or that particular man; but Man-kind; which though it be hard to do, harder than to learn any Language, or Science; yet, when I shall have set down my own reading orderly, and perspicuously, the pains left another, will be onely to consider, if he also find not the same in himselfe. For this kind of Doctrine, admitteth no other Demonstration.
這部鴻篇巨製,初翻開時便被其宏大的構架和綿密如織的論證所震懾。它不像是一部單純的政治哲學著作,更像是一部試圖剖析人類社會運行底層邏輯的係統工程學手冊。作者的筆觸冷靜而銳利,仿佛手持一把無形的解剖刀,直插入權力的核心,毫不留情地揭示齣構建穩定秩序的必要性與殘酷性。閱讀過程中,我時常感到一種智力上的高強度挑戰,需要不斷地與作者的邏輯鏈條保持同步,思考他如何從最基礎的個體欲望齣發,層層遞進,最終構建起那個至高無上的“利維坦”。這種從微觀個體經驗上升到宏觀國傢形態的思維路徑,極大地拓展瞭我對政治起源的理解,讓人不得不重新審視我們習以為常的社會契約的基礎究竟建立在何種人性之上。那種對“自然狀態”的描繪,尤其令人心寒,它迫使讀者直麵人性中最為原始、最為赤裸的競爭與恐懼,從而理解為何我們需要一個強力來約束這一切。
評分這部著作的結構安排堪稱教科書級彆,邏輯推進得猶如精密的鍾錶齒輪咬閤。從個體心理學基礎開始,步步為營地推導到法律和宗教的必要性,作者展現瞭驚人的思維跨度和係統構建能力。它不僅僅是在探討“應該如何治理”,更是在解釋“為何必須這樣治理”。我尤其對作者關於法律的論述印象深刻,他將法律視為主權者意誌的延伸,是唯一的、無可置疑的秩序來源。這與當代多元化解釋體係下的法律觀形成瞭鮮明的對比,帶來強烈的反思空間。每讀完一個章節,我都有種感覺,好像作者已經把人類文明發展中的所有可能的風險點都標記瞭齣來,並給齣瞭唯一的“解決方案”。這是一種強大而略帶壓抑的閱讀體驗——強大在於其邏輯的自洽性,壓抑在於它似乎沒有為混亂和變通留下太多空間。
評分對於習慣瞭現代民主敘事的人來說,這本書的某些論斷無疑是顛覆性的、甚至是令人不安的。作者對人類“自然狀態”的描繪——那種“所有人反對所有人的戰爭”——雖然是假設性的,卻以其近乎殘忍的寫實性擊中瞭人性深處的脆弱。這種徹底的悲觀主義為他後續的政治構造提供瞭無可辯駁的基石。我特彆欣賞他處理“自由”與“安全”這對永恒矛盾的方式。他沒有進行空洞的道德說教,而是從最實際的生存需求齣發,論證瞭為瞭獲得最低限度的安寜,個體必須做齣何種程度的讓渡。這種功利主義的、近乎冰冷的計算,使得他筆下的國傢機器顯得如此真實可感,不再是抽象的理想,而是維持生命延續的必要工具。這迫使我思考,我們今天所珍視的權利,究竟是在多大程度上建立在對更原始混亂狀態的恐懼之上的。
評分閱讀此書,其文字的古舊感與思想的現代性形成瞭奇妙的張力。雖然語言風格帶有那個時代的烙印,顯得冗長和精確,但其核心關切——如何避免社會解體,如何有效治理原子化的個體——在當代社會依然擁有驚人的相關性。尤其是在麵對全球性危機和信息碎片化加劇的今天,重新審視主權和強製力的必要性,顯得尤為迫切。我注意到作者在定義權力時,那種純粹的、不摻雜宗教或道德光環的視角,非常具有穿透力。他將政治行為還原為力量的博弈與閤同的約束,這種還原論的方法論,極大地增強瞭分析的力度。整個閱讀過程,就像是接受瞭一次對“權力”的祛魅,使人對政治現實有瞭更為清醒的認識,不再被浪漫化的修辭所迷惑。
評分說實話,這本書的閱讀體驗絕非輕鬆愜意,它更像是一場漫長而艱苦的智力跋涉。我時常需要停下來,反復研讀同一段落,試圖完全消化其中蘊含的哲學重量。作者構建瞭一個極其嚴密的邏輯體係,每一個概念的提齣都像是為下一層的論證打下堅實的基礎,缺乏任何一環,整個大廈都可能崩塌。這種體係的嚴密性,帶來的閱讀震撼是無與倫比的。它不像是一些流於錶麵的政治評論,而是深入到形而上的層麵,探討瞭何為“主權”的本質,以及這種主權在實踐中必然呈現齣的絕對性。每一次深呼吸,都感覺自己好像站在瞭一個懸崖邊,俯瞰著人類文明的起點,那裏充滿瞭不確定性和暴力,而“利維坦”正是我們共同簽訂的、用來抵禦深淵的巨大人造物。讀完後,那種對現有秩序的理解,已經徹底被重塑,帶有一種久久不散的清醒和警惕。
評分給力,書都很不錯,物流很快,現在都比較喜歡在京東上買書
評分傳而不習,不成。還得給腦子找個事乾,練練它。
評分寶貝質量很不錯,還會再買的!
評分可以的,,,,,
評分學習古典作品,挺好的
評分做活動時買太劃算瞭
評分書的質量不錯,印刷和紙質好,開捲有益
評分給力,書都很不錯,物流很快,現在都比較喜歡在京東上買書
評分可以的,,,,,
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