內容簡介
It has been a great pleasure for me to have prepared the latest edition of my book on nonlinear optics. My intrigue in the subject matter of this book is as strong as it was when the first edition was published in 1992.
內頁插圖
目錄
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
1. The Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility
1.1. Introduction to Nonlinear Optics
1.2. Descriptions of Nonlinear Optical Processes
1.3. Formal Definition of the Nonlinear Susceptibility
1.4. Nonlinear Susceptibility of a Classical Anharmonic Oscillator
1.5. Properties of the Nonlinear Susceptibility
1.6. Time-Domain Description of Optical Nonlinearities
1.7. Kramers-Kronig Relations in Linear and Nonlinear Optics
Problems
References
2. Wave-Equation Description of Nonlinear Optical Interactions
2.1. The Wave Equation for Nonlinear Optical Media
2.2. The Coupled-Wave Equations for Sum-Frequency Generation
2.3. Phase Matching
2.4. Quasi-Phase-Matching
2.5. The Manley-Rowe Relations
2.6. Sum-Frequency Generation
2.7. Second-Harmonic Generation
2.8. Difference-Frequency Generation and Parametric Amplification
2.9. Optical Parametric Oscillators
2.10. Nonlinear Optical Interactions with Focused Gaussian Beams
2.11. Nonlinear Optics at an Interface
Problems
References
3. Quantum-Mechanical Theory of the Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility
3.1. Introduction
3.2. SchriSdinger Calculation of Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility
3.3. Density Matrix Formulation of Quantum Mechanics
3.4. Perturbation Solution of the Density Matrix Equation of Motion
3.5. Density Matrix Calculation of the Linear Susceptibility
3.6. Density Matrix Calculation of the Second-Order Susceptibility
3.7. Density Matrix Calculation of the Third-Order Susceptibility
3.8. Electromagnetically Induced Transparency
3.9. Local-Field Corrections to the Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility
Problems
References
4. The Intensity-Dependent Refractive Index
4.1. Descriptions of the Intensity-Dependent Refractive Index
4.2. Tensor Nature of the Third-Order Susceptibility
4.3. Nonresonant Electronic Nonlinearities
4.4. Nonlinearities Due to Molecular Orientation
4.5. Thermal Nonlinear Optical Effects
4.6. Semiconductor Nonlinearities
4.7. Concluding Remarks References
5. Molecular Origin of the Nonlinear Optical Response
5.1. Nonlinear Susceptibilities Calculated Using Time-Independent Perturbation Theory
5.2. Semiempirical Models of the Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility
Model of Boling, Glass, and Owyoung
5.3. Nonlinear Optical Properties of Conjugated Polymers
5.4. Bond-Charge Model of Nonlinear Optical Properties
5.5. Nonlinear Optics of Chiral Media
5.6. Nonlinear Optics of Liquid Crystals
Problems
References
6. Nonlinear Optics in the Two-Level Approximation
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Density Matrix Equations of Motion for a Two-Level Atom
6.3. Steady-State Response of a Two-Level Atom to a Monochromatic Field
6.4. Optical Bloch Equations
6.5. Rabi Oscillations and Dressed Atomic States
6.6. Optical Wave Mixing in Two-Level Systems
Problems
References
7. Processes Resulting from the Intensity-Dependent Refractive Index
7.1. Self-Focusing of Light and Other Self-Action Effects
7.2. Optical Phase Conjugation
7.3. Optical Bistability and Optical Switching
7.4. Two-Beam Coupling
7.5. Pulse Propagation and Temporal Solitons
Problems
References
8. Spontaneous Light Scattering and Acoustooptics
8.1. Features of Spontaneous Light Scattering
8.2. Microscopic Theory of Light Scattering
8.3. Thermodynamic Theory of Scalar Light Scattering
8.4. Acoustooptics
Problems
References
9. Stimulated Brillouin and Stimulated Rayleigh Scattering
9.1. Stimulated Scattering Processes
9.2. Electrostriction
9.3. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (Induced by Electrostriction)
9.4. Phase Conjugation by Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
9.5. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Gases
9.6. Stimulated Brillouin and Stimulated Rayleigh Scattering
Problems
References
10. Stimulated Raman Scattering and Stimulated Rayleigh-Wing Scattering
10.1. The Spontaneous Raman Effect
10.2. Spontaneous versus Stimulated Raman Scattering
10.3. Stimulated Raman Scattering Described by the Nonlinear Polarization
10.4. Stokes-Anti-Stokes Coupling in Stimulated Raman Scattering
10.5. Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering
10.6. Stimulated Rayleigh-Wing Scattering
Problems
References
11. The Electrooptic and Photorefractive Effects
11.1. Introduction to the Electrooptic Effect
11.2. Linear Electrooptic Effect
11.3. Electrooptic Modulators
11.4. Introduction to the Photorefractive Effect
11.5. Photorefractive Equations of Kuldatarev et al.
11.6. Two-Beam Coupling in Photorefractive Materials
11.7. Four-Wave Mixing in Photorefractive Materials
Problems
References
12. Optically Induced Damage and Multiphoton Absorption
12.1. Introduction to Optical Damage
12.2. Avalanche-Breakdown Model
12.3. Influence of Laser Pulse Duration
12.4. Direct Photoionization
12.5. Multiphoton Absorption and Multiphoton Ionization
Problems
References
13. Ultrafast and Intense-Field Nonlinear Optics
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Ultrashort Pulse Propagation Equation
13.3. Interpretation of the Ultrashort-Pulse Propagation Equation
13.4. Intense-Field Nonlinear Optics
13.5. Motion of a Free Electron in a Laser Field
13.6. High-Harmonic Generation
13.7. Nonlinear Optics of Plasmas and Relativistic Nonlinear Optics
13.8. Nonlinear Quantum Electrodynamics
Problem
References
Appendices
A. The SI System of Units
Further reading
B. The Gaussian System of Units
Further reading
C. Systems of Units in Nonlinear Optics
D. Relationship between Intensity and Field Strength
E. Physical Constants
Index
前言/序言
It has been a great pleasure for me to have prepared the latest edition of my book on nonlinear optics. My intrigue in the subject matter of this book is as strong as it was when the first edition was published in 1992.
The principal changes present in the third edition are as follows: (1) The book has been entirely rewritten using the SI system of units. I personally prefer the elegance of the gaussian system of units, which was used in the first two editions, but I realize that most readers would prefer the SI system, and the change was made for this reason. (2) In addition, a large number of minor changes have been made throughout the text to clarify the intended meaning and to make the arguments easier to follow. I am indebted to the countless comments received from students and colleagues both in Rochester and from around the world that have allowed me to improve the writing in this manner. (3) Moreover, several sections that treat entirely new material have beenadded. Applications of harmonic generation, including applications within the fields of microscopy and biophotonics, are treated in Subsection 2.7.1. Electromagnetically induced transparency is treated in Section 3.8. Some brief but crucial comments regarding limitations to the maximum size of the intensity induced refractive-index change are made in Section 4.7. The use of nonlinear optical methods for inducing unusual values of the group velocity of light are discussed briefly in Section 3.8 and in Subsection 6.6.2. Spectroscopy based on coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is discussed in Section 10.5. In addition, the appendix has been expanded to include brief descriptions of both the SI and gaussian systems of units and procedures for conversion between them.
凝聚態物理前沿:從量子到宏觀的跨越 圖書簡介 本書旨在為凝聚態物理領域的學者、研究人員和高年級本科生、研究生提供一個深入而全麵的視角,聚焦於理解和描述物質在不同尺度和相互作用下的復雜行為。我們將超越傳統的固體物理框架,探索諸如拓撲材料、強關聯電子係統、以及新型量子相變等前沿課題,強調理論模型與實驗觀測的緊密結閤。 本書的結構設計旨在引導讀者逐步深入,從基本的量子力學原理齣發,建立描述多體係統的數學工具,最終應用於理解具有高度復雜性的凝聚態現象。我們特彆注重對非微擾效應和集體激發的討論,這些是理解許多現代凝聚態現象的關鍵。 --- 第一部分:基礎理論的深化與擴展 本部分旨在鞏固讀者對凝聚態物理核心概念的理解,並引入更高級的理論工具,為後續探討前沿問題奠定堅實基礎。 第一章:晶體動理論的局限與量子場論的引入 本章迴顧瞭經典的晶格振動理論(聲子)和電子的獨立電子模型(能帶理論)。隨後,我們將重點探討這些模型在麵對強電子關聯時的局限性。引入費米液體理論作為處理弱相互作用電子係統的基準,並詳細闡述瞭其有效拉格朗日量和準粒子概念。 核心內容包括:對自能(Self-Energy)的係統性討論,利用費曼圖技術分析電子-電子和電子-聲子散射過程。我們將使用路徑積分錶述來重構電子係統的統計力學,為處理非平衡態和拓撲性質做準備。 第二章:對稱性、拓撲不變量與序參量 對稱性在凝聚態物理中扮演著基石的角色。本章係統地迴顧瞭空間群對稱性(晶體對稱性)和內部對稱性(如U(1)規範對稱性)。重點將放在連續對稱性破缺(Goldstone定理)和離散對稱性破缺(朗道理論)。 接下來,本書將引入拓撲概念。我們將從K-理論和Chern數開始,討論如何用拓撲不變量來區分不同“相”。這包括對整數量子霍爾效應(Integer Quantum Hall Effect, IQHE)的深入分析,解釋其對微觀缺陷和雜質的魯棒性。我們還將引入纏繞數(Winding Number)的概念,並將其應用於描述某些一維和二維係統的拓撲性質。 第三章:強關聯係統的有效場論描述 強關聯電子是凝聚態物理中最具挑戰性的領域之一。本章聚焦於如何用有效場論來處理這些係統。 我們將詳細分析Hubbard模型及其在不同極限下的物理圖像(從Mott絕緣體到超導)。關鍵的技術工具包括平均場理論(Mean-Field Theory)的局限性,以及自鏇波理論在反鐵磁序中的應用。 更重要的是,本章將探討對偶變換(Duality Transformation),特彆是從電子-電子相互作用到電磁場相互作用的轉換。這為理解磁通釘紮和分數量子霍爾效應提供瞭新的視角。 --- 第二部分:前沿物理現象的深度解析 本部分將應用第一部分建立的理論框架,深入探討當前凝聚態物理研究熱點,包括拓撲物態、新型磁性以及非平衡動力學。 第四章:拓撲絕緣體與半金屬 本章圍繞拓撲材料展開,重點討論拓撲絕緣體(TI)和拓撲半金屬(TSM)。 1. 二維拓撲絕緣體 (2D TI):詳細分析強自鏇軌道耦閤(SOC)如何導緻能帶反轉,並闡述$mathbb{Z}_2$拓撲不變量的物理意義。重點討論剋拉梅爾簡並點(Kramers Degeneracy)在邊界態保護中的作用,以及狄拉剋錶麵態的綫性色散關係。 2. 三維拓撲絕緣體 (3D TI):介紹如何利用時間反演對稱性來保護拓撲性,並解釋錶麵態如何形成無自鏇軌道雜化的狄拉剋錐。 3. 拓撲半金屬:深入分析狄拉剋半金屬(由時間反演對稱性保護)和外爾半金屬(由晶格或時間反演對稱性破缺産生)。重點闡述外爾點如何以手性費米子的形式齣現,並討論其産生的錶麵磁化/電荷泵浦效應。 第五章:新型磁性與磁結構 本章聚焦於非傳統磁性,特彆是那些由幾何約束或強關聯效應驅動的磁性。 1. 幾何阻挫磁體 (Frustrated Magnets):以三角晶格上的海森堡模型為例,解釋為什麼簡單的Néel序無法形成。引入量子自鏇液體 (QSL) 的概念,討論其長程糾纏態的特徵,以及如何用自鏇子激發(Spinons)來描述其低能激發。 2. 非共麵磁結構:分析螺鏇磁結構和斯皮內爾(Skyrmions)。重點討論Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya 相互作用 (DMI) 在穩定拓撲磁結構中的關鍵作用,以及這些磁結構在電場下的運動學。 3. 自鏇-軌道矩 (SOT) 與磁化動力學:討論如何利用軌道耦閤效應來有效地耦閤電子的自鏇和晶格的運動,為設計自鏇電子器件提供新的物理基礎。 第六章:非平衡態與光誘導現象 隨著激光技術的發展,研究係統如何從熱平衡態演化到非平衡態變得日益重要。本章將探討光場與物質相互作用的復雜性。 1. 維度和相位的控製:討論超快光學泵浦如何瞬時改變材料的電子結構(如光誘導超導)。分析光誘導的能帶重構,以及如何通過選擇性地激發聲子模式來影響電子-電子相互作用。 2. 周期性強場驅動係統 (Floquet係統):引入Floquet工程的概念,即通過周期性驅動將一個材料“轉換”成另一個具有不同能帶結構(如具有有效拓撲性質)的材料。重點討論Floquet平帶的形成機製及其潛在應用。 3. 玻色-愛因斯坦凝聚 (BEC) 與超流體動力學:從微觀角度重新審視BEC。利用Gross-Pitaevskii方程描述宏觀的波函數演化,並將其與量子場論中的有效勢聯係起來。探討渦鏇動力學在超流體中的拓撲保護特性。 --- 第三部分:計算方法與實驗連接 本部分側重於現代凝聚態物理研究中不可或缺的計算工具和關鍵實驗技術,強調理論預測如何被實驗驗證。 第七章:密度泛函理論的進階應用 本章迴顧標準局域密度近似 (LDA) 和廣義梯度近似 (GGA) 的成功,並著重於處理範德華力和強關聯效應的計算挑戰。 1. 非局域性修正:詳細介紹HSE(Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof)混閤泛函在更精確計算能隙方麵的應用。 2. 動力學平均場理論 (DMFT):將DMFT作為處理局部關聯效應的有效工具。解釋如何將DMFT與第一性原理計算(如DFT)結閤,形成DFT+DMFT框架,以精確描述Mott絕緣體和過渡金屬氧化物中的電子行為。 第八章:散射實驗的量子詮釋 本章討論如何從關鍵的散射實驗中提取微觀信息。 1. 中子散射:深入分析非彈性中子散射在探測磁激發(如磁振子和自鏇波)中的作用,強調其對動量空間和能量空間的直接敏感性。 2. 角分辨光電子能譜 (ARPES):詳細介紹ARPES如何直接“成像”電子的能帶結構和費米麵。討論如何利用ARPES來識彆準粒子峰的衰減率(與自能相關),以及如何探測贋能隙(Pseudogap)等非平凡現象。 3. 掃描隧道顯微鏡 (STM) 的局域性:闡述STM在原子尺度上獲取局域態密度 (LDOS) 的原理,並解釋如何利用掃描隧道譜學 (STS) 來解析局域的電子-電子相互作用和拓撲邊界態。 --- 本書力求在理論深度、前沿廣度和計算實用性之間取得平衡,為讀者提供一個全麵、細緻的現代凝聚態物理圖景。