内容简介
It has been a great pleasure for me to have prepared the latest edition of my book on nonlinear optics. My intrigue in the subject matter of this book is as strong as it was when the first edition was published in 1992.
内页插图
目录
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
1. The Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility
1.1. Introduction to Nonlinear Optics
1.2. Descriptions of Nonlinear Optical Processes
1.3. Formal Definition of the Nonlinear Susceptibility
1.4. Nonlinear Susceptibility of a Classical Anharmonic Oscillator
1.5. Properties of the Nonlinear Susceptibility
1.6. Time-Domain Description of Optical Nonlinearities
1.7. Kramers-Kronig Relations in Linear and Nonlinear Optics
Problems
References
2. Wave-Equation Description of Nonlinear Optical Interactions
2.1. The Wave Equation for Nonlinear Optical Media
2.2. The Coupled-Wave Equations for Sum-Frequency Generation
2.3. Phase Matching
2.4. Quasi-Phase-Matching
2.5. The Manley-Rowe Relations
2.6. Sum-Frequency Generation
2.7. Second-Harmonic Generation
2.8. Difference-Frequency Generation and Parametric Amplification
2.9. Optical Parametric Oscillators
2.10. Nonlinear Optical Interactions with Focused Gaussian Beams
2.11. Nonlinear Optics at an Interface
Problems
References
3. Quantum-Mechanical Theory of the Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility
3.1. Introduction
3.2. SchriSdinger Calculation of Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility
3.3. Density Matrix Formulation of Quantum Mechanics
3.4. Perturbation Solution of the Density Matrix Equation of Motion
3.5. Density Matrix Calculation of the Linear Susceptibility
3.6. Density Matrix Calculation of the Second-Order Susceptibility
3.7. Density Matrix Calculation of the Third-Order Susceptibility
3.8. Electromagnetically Induced Transparency
3.9. Local-Field Corrections to the Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility
Problems
References
4. The Intensity-Dependent Refractive Index
4.1. Descriptions of the Intensity-Dependent Refractive Index
4.2. Tensor Nature of the Third-Order Susceptibility
4.3. Nonresonant Electronic Nonlinearities
4.4. Nonlinearities Due to Molecular Orientation
4.5. Thermal Nonlinear Optical Effects
4.6. Semiconductor Nonlinearities
4.7. Concluding Remarks References
5. Molecular Origin of the Nonlinear Optical Response
5.1. Nonlinear Susceptibilities Calculated Using Time-Independent Perturbation Theory
5.2. Semiempirical Models of the Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility
Model of Boling, Glass, and Owyoung
5.3. Nonlinear Optical Properties of Conjugated Polymers
5.4. Bond-Charge Model of Nonlinear Optical Properties
5.5. Nonlinear Optics of Chiral Media
5.6. Nonlinear Optics of Liquid Crystals
Problems
References
6. Nonlinear Optics in the Two-Level Approximation
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Density Matrix Equations of Motion for a Two-Level Atom
6.3. Steady-State Response of a Two-Level Atom to a Monochromatic Field
6.4. Optical Bloch Equations
6.5. Rabi Oscillations and Dressed Atomic States
6.6. Optical Wave Mixing in Two-Level Systems
Problems
References
7. Processes Resulting from the Intensity-Dependent Refractive Index
7.1. Self-Focusing of Light and Other Self-Action Effects
7.2. Optical Phase Conjugation
7.3. Optical Bistability and Optical Switching
7.4. Two-Beam Coupling
7.5. Pulse Propagation and Temporal Solitons
Problems
References
8. Spontaneous Light Scattering and Acoustooptics
8.1. Features of Spontaneous Light Scattering
8.2. Microscopic Theory of Light Scattering
8.3. Thermodynamic Theory of Scalar Light Scattering
8.4. Acoustooptics
Problems
References
9. Stimulated Brillouin and Stimulated Rayleigh Scattering
9.1. Stimulated Scattering Processes
9.2. Electrostriction
9.3. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (Induced by Electrostriction)
9.4. Phase Conjugation by Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
9.5. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Gases
9.6. Stimulated Brillouin and Stimulated Rayleigh Scattering
Problems
References
10. Stimulated Raman Scattering and Stimulated Rayleigh-Wing Scattering
10.1. The Spontaneous Raman Effect
10.2. Spontaneous versus Stimulated Raman Scattering
10.3. Stimulated Raman Scattering Described by the Nonlinear Polarization
10.4. Stokes-Anti-Stokes Coupling in Stimulated Raman Scattering
10.5. Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering
10.6. Stimulated Rayleigh-Wing Scattering
Problems
References
11. The Electrooptic and Photorefractive Effects
11.1. Introduction to the Electrooptic Effect
11.2. Linear Electrooptic Effect
11.3. Electrooptic Modulators
11.4. Introduction to the Photorefractive Effect
11.5. Photorefractive Equations of Kuldatarev et al.
11.6. Two-Beam Coupling in Photorefractive Materials
11.7. Four-Wave Mixing in Photorefractive Materials
Problems
References
12. Optically Induced Damage and Multiphoton Absorption
12.1. Introduction to Optical Damage
12.2. Avalanche-Breakdown Model
12.3. Influence of Laser Pulse Duration
12.4. Direct Photoionization
12.5. Multiphoton Absorption and Multiphoton Ionization
Problems
References
13. Ultrafast and Intense-Field Nonlinear Optics
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Ultrashort Pulse Propagation Equation
13.3. Interpretation of the Ultrashort-Pulse Propagation Equation
13.4. Intense-Field Nonlinear Optics
13.5. Motion of a Free Electron in a Laser Field
13.6. High-Harmonic Generation
13.7. Nonlinear Optics of Plasmas and Relativistic Nonlinear Optics
13.8. Nonlinear Quantum Electrodynamics
Problem
References
Appendices
A. The SI System of Units
Further reading
B. The Gaussian System of Units
Further reading
C. Systems of Units in Nonlinear Optics
D. Relationship between Intensity and Field Strength
E. Physical Constants
Index
前言/序言
It has been a great pleasure for me to have prepared the latest edition of my book on nonlinear optics. My intrigue in the subject matter of this book is as strong as it was when the first edition was published in 1992.
The principal changes present in the third edition are as follows: (1) The book has been entirely rewritten using the SI system of units. I personally prefer the elegance of the gaussian system of units, which was used in the first two editions, but I realize that most readers would prefer the SI system, and the change was made for this reason. (2) In addition, a large number of minor changes have been made throughout the text to clarify the intended meaning and to make the arguments easier to follow. I am indebted to the countless comments received from students and colleagues both in Rochester and from around the world that have allowed me to improve the writing in this manner. (3) Moreover, several sections that treat entirely new material have beenadded. Applications of harmonic generation, including applications within the fields of microscopy and biophotonics, are treated in Subsection 2.7.1. Electromagnetically induced transparency is treated in Section 3.8. Some brief but crucial comments regarding limitations to the maximum size of the intensity induced refractive-index change are made in Section 4.7. The use of nonlinear optical methods for inducing unusual values of the group velocity of light are discussed briefly in Section 3.8 and in Subsection 6.6.2. Spectroscopy based on coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is discussed in Section 10.5. In addition, the appendix has been expanded to include brief descriptions of both the SI and gaussian systems of units and procedures for conversion between them.
凝聚态物理前沿:从量子到宏观的跨越 图书简介 本书旨在为凝聚态物理领域的学者、研究人员和高年级本科生、研究生提供一个深入而全面的视角,聚焦于理解和描述物质在不同尺度和相互作用下的复杂行为。我们将超越传统的固体物理框架,探索诸如拓扑材料、强关联电子系统、以及新型量子相变等前沿课题,强调理论模型与实验观测的紧密结合。 本书的结构设计旨在引导读者逐步深入,从基本的量子力学原理出发,建立描述多体系统的数学工具,最终应用于理解具有高度复杂性的凝聚态现象。我们特别注重对非微扰效应和集体激发的讨论,这些是理解许多现代凝聚态现象的关键。 --- 第一部分:基础理论的深化与扩展 本部分旨在巩固读者对凝聚态物理核心概念的理解,并引入更高级的理论工具,为后续探讨前沿问题奠定坚实基础。 第一章:晶体动理论的局限与量子场论的引入 本章回顾了经典的晶格振动理论(声子)和电子的独立电子模型(能带理论)。随后,我们将重点探讨这些模型在面对强电子关联时的局限性。引入费米液体理论作为处理弱相互作用电子系统的基准,并详细阐述了其有效拉格朗日量和准粒子概念。 核心内容包括:对自能(Self-Energy)的系统性讨论,利用费曼图技术分析电子-电子和电子-声子散射过程。我们将使用路径积分表述来重构电子系统的统计力学,为处理非平衡态和拓扑性质做准备。 第二章:对称性、拓扑不变量与序参量 对称性在凝聚态物理中扮演着基石的角色。本章系统地回顾了空间群对称性(晶体对称性)和内部对称性(如U(1)规范对称性)。重点将放在连续对称性破缺(Goldstone定理)和离散对称性破缺(朗道理论)。 接下来,本书将引入拓扑概念。我们将从K-理论和Chern数开始,讨论如何用拓扑不变量来区分不同“相”。这包括对整数量子霍尔效应(Integer Quantum Hall Effect, IQHE)的深入分析,解释其对微观缺陷和杂质的鲁棒性。我们还将引入缠绕数(Winding Number)的概念,并将其应用于描述某些一维和二维系统的拓扑性质。 第三章:强关联系统的有效场论描述 强关联电子是凝聚态物理中最具挑战性的领域之一。本章聚焦于如何用有效场论来处理这些系统。 我们将详细分析Hubbard模型及其在不同极限下的物理图像(从Mott绝缘体到超导)。关键的技术工具包括平均场理论(Mean-Field Theory)的局限性,以及自旋波理论在反铁磁序中的应用。 更重要的是,本章将探讨对偶变换(Duality Transformation),特别是从电子-电子相互作用到电磁场相互作用的转换。这为理解磁通钉扎和分数量子霍尔效应提供了新的视角。 --- 第二部分:前沿物理现象的深度解析 本部分将应用第一部分建立的理论框架,深入探讨当前凝聚态物理研究热点,包括拓扑物态、新型磁性以及非平衡动力学。 第四章:拓扑绝缘体与半金属 本章围绕拓扑材料展开,重点讨论拓扑绝缘体(TI)和拓扑半金属(TSM)。 1. 二维拓扑绝缘体 (2D TI):详细分析强自旋轨道耦合(SOC)如何导致能带反转,并阐述$mathbb{Z}_2$拓扑不变量的物理意义。重点讨论克拉梅尔简并点(Kramers Degeneracy)在边界态保护中的作用,以及狄拉克表面态的线性色散关系。 2. 三维拓扑绝缘体 (3D TI):介绍如何利用时间反演对称性来保护拓扑性,并解释表面态如何形成无自旋轨道杂化的狄拉克锥。 3. 拓扑半金属:深入分析狄拉克半金属(由时间反演对称性保护)和外尔半金属(由晶格或时间反演对称性破缺产生)。重点阐述外尔点如何以手性费米子的形式出现,并讨论其产生的表面磁化/电荷泵浦效应。 第五章:新型磁性与磁结构 本章聚焦于非传统磁性,特别是那些由几何约束或强关联效应驱动的磁性。 1. 几何阻挫磁体 (Frustrated Magnets):以三角晶格上的海森堡模型为例,解释为什么简单的Néel序无法形成。引入量子自旋液体 (QSL) 的概念,讨论其长程纠缠态的特征,以及如何用自旋子激发(Spinons)来描述其低能激发。 2. 非共面磁结构:分析螺旋磁结构和斯皮内尔(Skyrmions)。重点讨论Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya 相互作用 (DMI) 在稳定拓扑磁结构中的关键作用,以及这些磁结构在电场下的运动学。 3. 自旋-轨道矩 (SOT) 与磁化动力学:讨论如何利用轨道耦合效应来有效地耦合电子的自旋和晶格的运动,为设计自旋电子器件提供新的物理基础。 第六章:非平衡态与光诱导现象 随着激光技术的发展,研究系统如何从热平衡态演化到非平衡态变得日益重要。本章将探讨光场与物质相互作用的复杂性。 1. 维度和相位的控制:讨论超快光学泵浦如何瞬时改变材料的电子结构(如光诱导超导)。分析光诱导的能带重构,以及如何通过选择性地激发声子模式来影响电子-电子相互作用。 2. 周期性强场驱动系统 (Floquet系统):引入Floquet工程的概念,即通过周期性驱动将一个材料“转换”成另一个具有不同能带结构(如具有有效拓扑性质)的材料。重点讨论Floquet平带的形成机制及其潜在应用。 3. 玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚 (BEC) 与超流体动力学:从微观角度重新审视BEC。利用Gross-Pitaevskii方程描述宏观的波函数演化,并将其与量子场论中的有效势联系起来。探讨涡旋动力学在超流体中的拓扑保护特性。 --- 第三部分:计算方法与实验连接 本部分侧重于现代凝聚态物理研究中不可或缺的计算工具和关键实验技术,强调理论预测如何被实验验证。 第七章:密度泛函理论的进阶应用 本章回顾标准局域密度近似 (LDA) 和广义梯度近似 (GGA) 的成功,并着重于处理范德华力和强关联效应的计算挑战。 1. 非局域性修正:详细介绍HSE(Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof)混合泛函在更精确计算能隙方面的应用。 2. 动力学平均场理论 (DMFT):将DMFT作为处理局部关联效应的有效工具。解释如何将DMFT与第一性原理计算(如DFT)结合,形成DFT+DMFT框架,以精确描述Mott绝缘体和过渡金属氧化物中的电子行为。 第八章:散射实验的量子诠释 本章讨论如何从关键的散射实验中提取微观信息。 1. 中子散射:深入分析非弹性中子散射在探测磁激发(如磁振子和自旋波)中的作用,强调其对动量空间和能量空间的直接敏感性。 2. 角分辨光电子能谱 (ARPES):详细介绍ARPES如何直接“成像”电子的能带结构和费米面。讨论如何利用ARPES来识别准粒子峰的衰减率(与自能相关),以及如何探测赝能隙(Pseudogap)等非平凡现象。 3. 扫描隧道显微镜 (STM) 的局域性:阐述STM在原子尺度上获取局域态密度 (LDOS) 的原理,并解释如何利用扫描隧道谱学 (STS) 来解析局域的电子-电子相互作用和拓扑边界态。 --- 本书力求在理论深度、前沿广度和计算实用性之间取得平衡,为读者提供一个全面、细致的现代凝聚态物理图景。