具体描述
内容简介
《经典电动力学(影印版)(第3版)》是一本有着很高知名度的电动力学教材,长期以来被世界上多所大学选用。本影印版是2001年出版的第三版。与前两版相比,第三版在保留基本经典电动力学内容的基础上,做了不少调整。如增加了一些关于数字计算方面的内容;删除了等离子体一章,将其部分内容在其它章节体现;增加了一些新的科技发展内容,如光纤、半导体波导管、同步辐射等。
全书共分16章,可作为物理类专业电动力学课程的教材,尤其适合开展双语教学的学校,对于有志出国深造的人员也是一本必不可少的参考书。 目录
Introduction and Survey 1
I.1 Maxwell Equations in Vacuum, Fields, and Sources 2
I.2 Inverse Square Law, or the Mass of the Photon 5
I.3 Linear Superposition 9
I.4 Maxwell Equations in Macroscopic Media 13
I.5 Boundary Conditions at Interfaces Between Different Media 16
I.6 Some Remarks on Idealizations in Electromagnetism 19
References and Suggested Reading 22
Chapter 1 / Introduction to Electrostatics 24
1.1 Coulombs Law 24
1.2 Electric Field 24
1.3 Gausss Law 27
1.4 Differential Form of Gausss Law 28
1.5 Another Equation of Electrostatics and the Scalar Potential 29
1.6 Surface Distributions of Charges and Dipoles and Discontinuities in the Electric Field and Potential 31
1.7 Poisson and Laplace Equations 34
1.8 Greens Theorem 35
1.9 Uniqueness of the Solution with Dirichlet or Neumann Boundary Conditions 37
1.10 Formal Solution of Electrostatic Boundary-Value Problem with Green Function 38
1.11 Electrostatic Potential Energy and Energy Density; Capacitance 40
1.12 Variational Approach to the Solution of the Laplace and Poisson Equations 43
1.13 Relaxation Method for Two-Dimensional Electrostatic Problems 47
References and Suggested Reading 50
Problems 50
Chapter 2 / Boundary- Value Problems in Electrostatics: I 57
2.1 Method of Images 57
2.2 Point Charge in the Presence of a Grounded Conducting Sphere 58
2.3 Point Charge in the Presence of a Charged, Insulated, Conducting Sphere 60
2.4 Point Charge Near a Conducting Sphere at Fixed Potential 61
2.5 Conducting Sphere in a Uniform Electric Field by Method of Images 62
2.6 Green Function for the Sphere; General Solution for the Potential 64
2.7 Conducting Sphere with Hemispheres at-Different Potentials 65
2.8 Orthogonal Functions and Expansions 67
2.9 Separation of Variables; Laplace Equation in Rectangular Coordinates 70
2.10 A Two-Dimensional Potential Problem; Summation of Fourier Series 72
2.11 Fields and Charge Densities in Two-Dimensional Corners and Along Edges 75
2.12 Introduction to Finite Element Analysis for Electrostatics 79
References and Suggested Reading 84
Problems 85
Chapter 3/Boundary- Value Problems in Electrostatics: H 95
3.1 Laplace Equation in Spherical Coordinates 95
3.2 Legendre Equation and Legendre Polynomials 96
3.3 Boundary-Value Problems with Azimuthal Symmetry 101
3.4 Behavior of Fields in a Conical Hole or Near a Sharp Point 104
3.5 Associated Legendre Functions and the Spherical Harmonics Ylm(θ,φ) 107
3.6 Addition Theorem for Spherical Harmonics 110
3.7 Laplace Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates; Bessel Functions 111
3.8 Boundary-Value Problems in Cylindrical Coordinates 117
3.9 Expansion of Green Functions in Spherical Coordinates 119
3.10 Solution of Potential Problems with the Spherical Green Function Expansion 112
3.11 Expansion of Green Functions in Cylindrical Coordinates 125
3.12 Eigenfunction Expansions for Green Functions 127
3.13 Mixed Boundary Conditions, Conducting Plane with a Circular Hole 129
References and Suggested Reading 135
Problems 135
Chapter 4/ Multipoles, Electrostatics of Macroscopic Media,Dielectrics 145
4.1 Multipole Expansion 145
4.2 Multipole Expansion of the Energy of a Charge Distribution in an External Field 150
4.3 Elementary Treatment of Electrostatics with Ponderable Media 151
4.4 Boundary-Value Problems with Dielectrics 154
4.5 Molecular Polarizability and Electric Susceptibility 159
4.6 Models for Electric Polarizability 162
4.7 Electrostatic Energy in Dielectric Media 165
References and Suggested Reading 169
Problems 169
Chapter 5/Magnetostatics, Faradays Law, Quasi-Static Fields 174
5.1 Introduction and Definitions 174
5.2 Blot and Savart Law 175
5.3 Differential Equations of Magnetostatics and Amperes Law 178
5.4 Vector Potential 180
5.5 Vector Potential and Magnetic Induction for a Circular Current Loop 181
5.6 Magnetic Fields of a Localized Current Distribution, Magnetic Moment 184
5.7 Force and Torque on and Energy of a Localized Current Distribution in an External Magnetic Induction 188
5.8 Macroscopic Equations, Boundary Conditions on B and H 191
5.9 Methods of Solving Boundary-Value Problems in Magnetostatics 194
5.10 Uniformly Magnetized Sphere 198
5.11 Magnetized Sphere in an External Field; Permanent Magnets 199
5.12 Magnetic Shielding, Spherical Shell of Permeable Material in a Uniform Field 201
5.13 Effect of a Circular Hole in a Perfectly Conducting Plane with an Asymptotically Uniform Tangential Magnetic Field on One Side 203
5.14 Numerical Methods for Two-Dimensional Magnetic Fields 206
5.15 Faradays Law of Induction 208
5.16 Energy in the Magnetic Field 212
5.17 Energy and Self-and Mutual Inductances 215
5.18 Quasi-Static Magnetic Fields in Conductors; Eddy Currents; Magnetic Diffusion 218
References and Suggested Reading 223
Problems 225
Chapter 6 / Maxwell Equations, Macroscopic Electromagnetism, Conservation Laws 237
6.1 Maxwells Displacement Current; Maxwell Equations 237
6.2 Vector and Scalar Potentials 239
6.3 Gauge Transformations, Lorenz Gauge, Coulomb Gauge 240
6.4 Green Functions for the Wave Equation 243
6.5 Retarded Solutions for the Fields: Jefimenkos Generalizations of the Coulomb and Biot-Savart Laws; Heaviside-Feynman Expressions for Fields of Point Charge 246
6.6 Derivation of the Equations of Macroscopic Electromagnetism 248
6.7 Poyntings Theorem and Conservation of Energy and Momentum for a System of Charged Particles and Electromagnetic Fields 258
6.8 Poyntings Theorem in Linear Dissipative Media with Losses 262
6.9 Poyntings Theorem for Harmonic Fields; Field Definitions of Impedance and Admittance 264
6.10 Transformation Properties of Electromagnetic Fields and Sources Under Rotations, Spatial Reflections, and Time Reversal 267
6.11 On the Question of Magnetic Monopoles 273
6.12 Discussion of the Dirac Quantization Condition 275
6.13 Polarization Potentials (Hertz Vectors) 280
References and Suggested Reading 282
Problems 283
Chapter 7 / Plane Electromagnetic Waves and Wave Propagation 295
7.1 Plane Waves in a Nonconducting Medium 295
7.2 Linear and Circular Polarization; Stokes Parameters 299
7.3 Reflection and Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves at a Plane Interface Between Two Dielectrics 302
7.4 Polarization by Reflection, Total Internal Reflection; Goos-Hanchen Effect 306
7.5 Frequency Dispersion Characteristics of Dielectrics, Conductors, and Plasmas 309
7.6 Simplified Model of Propagation in the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere 316
7.7 Magnetohydrodynamic Waves 319
7.8 Superposition of ,Waves in One Dimension; Group Velocity 322
7.9 Illustration of the Spreading of a Pulse As It Propagates in a Dispersive Medium 326
7.10 Causality in the Connection Between D and E; Kramers-Kronig Relations 330
7.11 Arrival of a Signal After Propagation Through a Dispersive Medium 335
References and Suggested Reading 339
Problems 340
Chapter 8 / Waveguides, Resonant Cavities, and Optical Fibers 352
8.1 Fields at the Surface of and Within a Conductor 352
8.2 Cylindrical Cavities and Waveguides 356
8.3 Waveguides 359
8.4 Modes in a Rectangular Waveguide 361
8.5 Energy Flow and Attenuation in Waveguides 363
8.6 Perturbation of Boundary Conditions 366
8.7 Resonant Cavities 368
8.8 Power Losses in a Cavity; Q of a Cavity 371
8.9 Earth and Ionosphere as a Resonant Cavity: Schumann Resonances 374
8.10 Multimode Propagation in Optical Fibers 378
8.11 Modes in Dielectric Waveguides 385
8.12 Expansion in Normal Modes; Fields Generated by a Localized Source in a Hollow Metallic Guide 389
References and Suggested Reading 395
Problems 396
Chapter 9/Radiating Systems, Multipole Fields and Radiation 407
9.1 Fields and Radiation of a Localized Oscillating Source 407
9.2 Electric Dipole Fields and Radiation 410
9.3 Magnetic Dipole and Electric Quadrupole Fields 413
9.4 Center-Fed Linear Antenna 416
9.5 Multipole Expansion for Localized Source or Aperture in Waveguide 419
……
Chapter 10 / Scattering and Diffraction 456
Chapter 11/Special Theory of Relativity 514
Chapter 12/Dynamics of Relativistic Particles and Electromagnetic Fields 579
Chapter 13/Collisions, Energy Loss, and Scattering of Charged Particles,Cherenkov and Transition Radiation 624
Chapter 14/Radiation by Moving Charges 661
Chapter 15 / Bremsstrahlung, Method of Virtual Quanta,Radiative Beta Processes 708
Chapter 16 / Radiation Damping, Classical Models of Charged Particles 745
Appendix on Units and Dimensions 775
1 Units and Dimensions, Basic Units and Derived Units 775
2 Electromagnetic Units and Equations 777
3 Various Systems of Electromagnetic Units 779
4 Conversion of Equations and Amounts Between SI Units
and Gaussian Units 782
Bibliography 785
Index 791 前言/序言
It has been 36 years since the appearance of the first edition of this book, and 23 years since the second. Such intervals may be appropriate for a subject whose fundamental basis was completely established theoretically 134 years ago by Maxwell and experimentally 110 years ago by Hertz. Still, there are changes in emphasis and applications. This third edition attempts to address both without
any significant increase in size. Inevitably, some topics present in the second edition had to be eliminated to make room for new material. One major omission is the chapter on plasma physics, although some pieces appear elsewhere. Readers who miss particular topics may, I hope, be able to avail themselves of the second edition.
The most visible change is the use of SI units in the first 10 chapters. Gaussian units are retained in the later chapters, since such units seem more suited to relativity and relativistic electrodynamics than SI. As a reminder of the sys- tem of units being employed, the running head on each left-hand page carries "——SI" or "——G" depending on the chapter.
My tardy adoption of the universally accepted SI system is a recognition that almost all undergraduate physics texts, as well as engineering books at all levels, employ SI units throughout. For many years Ed Purcell and I had a pact to support each other in the use of Gaussian units. Now I have betrayed him! Al- though this book is formally dedicated to the memory of my father, I dedicate this third edition informally to the memory of Edward Mills Purcell (1912-1997), a marvelous physicist with deep understanding, a great teacher, and a wonderful man.
《量子场论导论》 作者:[此处应填写作者姓名] 译者:[此处应填写译者姓名] 出版社:[此处应填写出版社名称] 出版年份:[此处应填写出版年份] ISBN:[此处应填写ISBN] --- 内容简介 《量子场论导论》是一本旨在引导物理学研究生和高年级本科生深入理解现代物理学基石——量子场论(Quantum Field Theory, QFT)的教材。本书聚焦于构建量子场论的理论框架,并将其应用于描述基本粒子物理学中的关键现象。它摒弃了仅依赖于路径积分表述的传统方法,而是侧重于建立清晰、严谨的、基于经典场论的量子化过程,使读者能够扎实地掌握量子场论的物理图像和数学工具。 本书的结构经过精心设计,力求平稳过渡,从狭义相对论背景下的经典场论出发,逐步引入量子化的概念,直至阐述高阶微扰计算和重整化理论的核心思想。 第一部分:相对论性场论基础 本书的开篇部分致力于巩固读者对狭义相对论和经典场论的理解,这是构建量子场论的必要前提。 拉格朗日力学与哈密顿力学回顾: 简要回顾了经典力学的变分原理,并将其推广到具有无穷多自由度的场论系统。着重讲解了拉格朗日密度(Lagrangian Density)的概念,以及它如何决定场的运动方程(欧拉-拉格朗日方程)。 张量分析与洛伦兹协变性: 详细讨论了四维闵可夫斯基时空中的张量,如四矢量和四阶张量。强调了物理定律必须在洛伦兹变换下保持形式不变(洛伦兹协变性),这是构建任何相对论性理论的先决条件。 自由标量场(Klein-Gordon 场): 深入分析了最简单的相对论性量子场——无自旋的复标量场。推导了其拉格朗日密度,求解了欧拉-拉格朗日方程,并讨论了能量和动量密度。随后,详细阐述了如何通过“正则量子化”方法,将经典场提升为量子算符,导出了产生和湮灭算符,并构建了Fock空间。通过这种方式,本书直观地展示了粒子如何从场激发中涌现出来。 自由狄拉克场(自旋 1/2 费米子): 转向描述电子等费米子所需的狄拉克场。详细介绍了狄拉克方程及其内在的洛伦兹协变性。着重讨论了狄拉克旋量和满足泡利不相容原理的必要性。随后,应用正则量子化方法,处理了费米子场的对易关系(反交换关系),并解释了负能态的“洞”理论(费米子空穴)如何自然地引出了反粒子(如正电子)的概念,为理解物质与反物质的对称性奠定了基础。 自由电磁场(矢量玻色子): 探讨了描述光子的无质量自由矢量场,即麦克斯韦方程组的相对论性形式。讨论了电磁场的规范不变性,以及如何在量子化过程中处理规范自由度的问题。 第二部分:相互作用理论与微扰展开 在建立了自由场的量子化框架后,本书将重点引入粒子间的相互作用,这是量子场论真正威力所在的部分。 相互作用的引入与相互作用绘景: 阐述了如何通过在拉格朗日密度中添加相互作用项来描述场之间的耦合。引入了相互作用绘景(Interaction Picture),这是进行微扰计算的数学基础。 微扰论与S矩阵: 详细介绍了S矩阵(散射矩阵)的概念,它是连接初始态和最终态概率幅的桥梁。推导了S矩阵的Dyson级数展开,这是理解所有散射过程的基础。 费曼规则的建立: 借鉴S矩阵的微扰展开,系统地推导了计算费曼图对应概率幅的费曼规则。本书强调了费曼图作为一种直观的、图形化的工具,如何编码了复杂的微积分运算。这些规则将抽象的积分运算转化为可操作的计算步骤。 简单的散射过程实例: 应用费曼规则分析了几个关键的、低阶的散射过程,例如 $phi^4$ 理论中的粒子对撞和电子-电子散射的低阶近似。这部分旨在让读者熟悉实际的计算流程。 第三部分:解析延拓与重整化 量子场论的计算往往会产生无穷大的结果,理解和处理这些无穷大是掌握该理论的关键。 维克定理与相关函数: 引入维克定理(Wick’s Theorem)作为简化多场算符乘积的工具,并用于计算格林函数(或称关联函数)。 紫外发散的起源: 分析了在计算高阶修正(例如自能图和粒子散射修正)时,动量积分趋向于无穷大(紫外区)所导致的无穷结果。 正则化方法: 详细介绍了处理这些无穷大的技术。本书重点讲解了维度正则化(Dimensional Regularization)方法,解释了它如何巧妙地利用解析延拓(将空间维度 $d$ 推广到非整数值)来使积分收敛,并保持理论的洛伦兹协变性。 重整化程序: 阐述了重整化(Renormalization)的核心物理思想——将理论中不可测量的“裸”参数与无穷大联系起来,并通过实验中测量的有限的“物理”参数来重新定义它们。详细演示了如何通过“减去无穷大”的过程,提取出有限且可预测的物理结果,如修正的质量和耦合常数。 重整化群初步: 简要介绍了重整化群(Renormalization Group)的概念,解释了物理参数如何依赖于我们进行测量的能量尺度(Running Couplings),这为理解渐近自由等现代物理现象埋下了伏笔。 本书特色与目标读者 本书的叙述风格严谨,注重从基础物理原理出发进行推导,而非直接抛出结果。它避免了过多依赖于路径积分的捷径,确保读者对算符代数、对易关系以及量子态的构建有深刻的理解。本书的数学深度适中,适合那些已经掌握了高等经典力学、电磁学(包括麦克斯韦方程组)和基础量子力学的学生。 通过学习本书,读者将能够: 1. 熟练掌握量子化自由场的数学构造。 2. 理解相互作用理论中S矩阵和费曼图的物理意义。 3. 掌握处理量子场论中发散问题的关键技术——正则化与重整化。 4. 为进一步学习规范场论(如量子电动力学QED和量子色动力学QCD)打下坚实的理论基础。 本书被设计为量子物理学研究生阶段的核心课程教材,其内容深度和广度完全覆盖了现代粒子物理学理论建模所必需的工具集。