内容简介
《剑桥政治思想史原著系列:理想国(影印本)》旨在使学生能够获得从古希腊到20世纪初期西方政治思想史方面所有最为重要的原著。它囊括了所有著名的经典原著,但与此同时,它又扩展了传统的评价尺度,以便能够纳入范围广泛、不那么出名的作品。《剑桥政治思想史原著系列:理想国(影印本)》有一个评论性的导言,加上历史年表、生平梗概、进一步阅读指南,以及必要的词汇表和原文注解。《剑桥政治思想史原著系列:理想国(影印本)》的最终目的是,为西方政治思想的整个发展脉络提供一个清晰的轮廓。
内页插图
目录
Translator's preface
Edrtor's preface
Introduction
The Thirty
Faction
A Spartan utopia?
The philosopher and the king
A political work?
City and soul
Mathematics and metaphysics
A guide to further reading
Principal dates
Abbreviations and conventions
Editor's synopsis of The Republic
The Republic
Book 1
Book 2
Book 3
Book 4
Book 5
Book 6
Book 7
Book 8
Book 9
Book 10
Glossary
Index
精彩书摘
'All right,' he said. 'You must be aware that some cities are tyrannies,some are democracies, and others aristocracies?'
'Of course.'
'And what is in control in each city is the ruling power?'
'Every ruling power makes laws for its own good. A democracy makes democratic laws, a tyranny tyrannical laws, and so on. In making these laws, they make it clear that what is good for them, the rulers, is what is just for their subjects. If anyone disobeys, they punish him for breaking the law and acting unjustly. That's what I mean, "my friend," when I say that in all cities the same thing is just, namely what is good for the ruling authority. This, I take it, is where the power lies, and the result is, for anyone who looks at it in the right way, that the same thing is just everywhere - what is good for the stronger.'
'Now I understand what you mean,' I said, 'though whether or not it is true remains to be seen. So even your answer, Thrasymachus,is that what is good for a person is just, though that was an answer you told me firmly not to give. But you add the qualification "for the stronger."'
'A trivial addition, you may say.'
'That's not yet clear. It may well be an important one. What is clear is that we must examine whether what you say is true. Like you,l agree that justice is something that is good for a person, but while you qualify it as what is good for the stronger, I'm not so sure. We should examine the question.'
'Go on, then. Examine it.'
'I shall,' I said. 'Tell me, don't you also say that it is right for subjects to obey their rulers?'
'And are they infallible, the rulers in all these cities? Or are they capable of making mistakes?'
'They are certainly, I imagine, capable of making mistakes.'
'So when they set about enacting laws, do they enact some correctly, but a certain number incorrectly?'
'In my opinion, yes.'
'And "correctly" is enacting laws which are in their own interest, and "incorrectly" is enacting laws which are against their own interest? Is that what you mean?'
'But whatever they enact, their subjects must carry it out, and this is justice?'
'Of course.'
'In that case, according to your definition,it is not only just to do what is good for the stronger, but also its opposite, what is not good for him.'
'What do you mean?' he said.
'I mean what you mean, I tlunk. Let's look at it more closely. Haven't we agreed that the rulers,in giving orders to their subjects to do anything, sometimes make mistakes about what is in their own best interest, but that it is just for the subjects to carry out whatever orders their rulers give them? Isn't that what we have agreed?'
'Yes,' he said. 'I accept that.'
'Then you must also accept,' I said,'that we have agreed it is just to do things which are not good for the rulers and the stronger, when the rulers inadvertently issue orders which are harmful to themselves, and you say it is just for their subjects to carry out the orders of their rulers. In that situation, most wise Thrasymachus, isn't the inevitable result that it is just to do the exact opposite of what you say? After all, the weaker have been ordered to do what is not good for the stronger.'
'Indeed they have, Socrates,' said Polemarchus. 'No question about it.'
'No question at all,' Cleitophon interrupted, 'if you are acting as a witness for Socrates.'
'Who needs a witness?' said Polemarchus. 'Thrasymachus himself agrees that rulers sometimes issue orders which are bad for themselves, but that it is right for their subjects to carry out these orders.'
'Yes, Polemarchus, because carrying out orders issued by rulers was what Thrasymachus defined as just.'
……
前言/序言
《理想国》:一部超越时空的政治与哲学经典 作者:柏拉图 导言: 在人类文明的浩瀚星空中,有一些思想如同璀璨的恒星,历经千年依然闪耀着智慧的光芒,指引着我们探索人生的意义与社会的真谛。《理想国》便是这样一部不朽的巨著。它并非一本单纯的政治学著作,更是一部深刻的哲学对话录,一场对正义、美好、真理的永恒追寻。自古希腊的雅典城邦至今,《理想国》以其包罗万象的智慧,影响了无数的思想家、政治家、教育家,在西方乃至东方文明的哲学思潮中留下了不可磨灭的印记。 关于本书(不包含影印本的特殊标注): 本书《理想国》是由古希腊哲学家柏拉图创作的代表性对话录。在这部著作中,柏拉图通过苏格拉底与其他对话者的精彩辩论,展开了一场宏大而深刻的哲学探索。其核心在于追问“什么是正义”,并以此为出发点,构建了一个理想的城邦蓝图,进而探讨了知识、教育、灵魂、真理等一系列基础性的哲学问题。 内容概述: 《理想国》的叙事围绕着苏格拉底展开,他与格劳孔、阿德曼托斯、玻勒马霍斯、色拉绪马霍斯等人在一次聚会中,围绕“正义”展开了一场别开生面的讨论。 第一卷:正义的初步探讨 开篇,对话者们尝试对正义进行定义。色拉绪马霍斯提出,正义不过是强者制定对自己有利的规则。苏格拉底则对此提出质疑,通过一系列论证,揭示了这种观点的片面性,并指出正义并非外在强加的规则,而是一种内在的德性。然而,关于正义的真正本质,讨论仍未得出令人满意的结论。 第二卷至第四卷:理想城邦的构建 为了更清晰地理解正义,苏格拉底提议“在灵魂中考察正义,就像在国家中考察正义一样”。于是,他开始构想一个理想的城邦。他认为,一个理想的城邦应当是公正的,其公正体现在各个阶层各司其职,和谐共处。 劳动者阶层: 负责城邦的物质生产和基本生活保障。 护卫者阶层: 负责城邦的国防和治安。 统治者(哲人王)阶层: 拥有最高智慧和德性,负责城邦的治理。 为了培养合格的护卫者和统治者,苏格拉底详细规划了教育制度。教育的内容包括音乐(培养气质)、体育(强健体魄),以及数学、几何、天文学等学科(培养理性思维)。他强调,教育的首要目标是引导灵魂认识“善”的理念。 在教育的过程中,苏格拉底也探讨了关于神话和诗歌的审查问题,认为它们不应传播不当的思想,以免误导城邦的公民,特别是年轻一代。 第五卷至第七卷:哲学王的出现与理念论 本书中最具颠覆性和影响力的部分,莫过于对“哲人王”的论述。苏格拉底认为,只有真正掌握了知识,认识了“善”的理念的哲学家,才能成为最适合统治城邦的人。他们不受私利驱动,以城邦的福祉为最高目标。 为了解释哲学家为何能够认识“善”的理念,柏拉图引入了他的理念论。他认为,我们感官所接触到的现实世界是变化的、不完美的,而真实的存在是永恒不变、完美的“理念”世界。例如,我们看到的各种“美”的事物,都是对“美”的理念的模仿。 为了阐述这一观点,柏拉图运用了著名的“洞穴寓言”。寓言描绘了一群长期被囚禁在洞穴中的囚徒,他们只能看到洞穴后墙上的影子,认为这些影子就是真实的世界。当一个囚徒被解救出来,看到真实的光明和事物时,他才能认识到真正的现实。这个寓言生动地象征着哲学家从感官的欺骗中解放出来,通过理性认识理念世界的艰难历程。 第八卷至第九卷:邪恶城邦的衰落与灵魂的考察 在构建了理想城邦之后,苏格拉底接着探讨了城邦衰落的各种形式,以及与之相对应的四种不正义的政体: 荣誉政体(Timocracy): 以荣誉和军事功勋为导向,容易滋生野心和贪婪。 寡头政体(Oligarchy): 以财富为唯一标准,导致贫富差距悬殊,社会矛盾激化。 民主政体(Democracy): 以自由和机会均等为名,容易导致无序和低俗,被欲望所驱动。 僭主政体(Tyranny): 建立在前面所有不正义政体之上,是最极端的邪恶政体,统治者被最黑暗的欲望所驱使。 随着城邦政体的堕落,相应地,人的灵魂也表现出不同的不正义形式。苏格拉底将灵魂比作一个由三个部分组成的整体: 理性部分: 追求真理和知识。 激情部分: 追求荣誉和勇气。 欲望部分: 追求物质享受和感官刺激。 当这三个部分失衡,特别是欲望部分占据主导时,灵魂就变得不正义。哲人王城邦对应着灵魂中理性部分占据主导的公正灵魂;而僭主政体则对应着被欲望彻底奴役的不正义灵魂。 第十卷:艺术的模仿与灵魂的不朽 在最后,苏格拉底再次回到艺术的问题,将艺术视为“模仿的模仿”,认为它远离了真实的理念,可能误导人们,并削弱了理性的力量。 最后,柏拉图借苏格拉底之口,论述了灵魂的不朽。他通过各种论证,试图证明灵魂的永恒性,并强调正义的灵魂将获得永恒的幸福,而不正义的灵魂将遭受永恒的惩罚。 本书的价值与意义: 《理想国》并非提供一套可以直接照搬的政治体制,其价值更多体现在对根本性问题的深刻追问和对理想的描绘。 对正义的深刻洞察: 它将正义从外在的道德规范上升到内在的灵魂德性,强调了理性、秩序与和谐在个体和社会中的重要性。 教育理念的奠基: 柏拉图关于教育的论述,为后世的教育思想提供了宝贵的启示,特别是强调了教育对塑造公民品德和理性能力的关键作用。 哲学方法的典范: 《理想国》以对话的形式,展现了苏格拉底式诘问法的魅力,鼓励读者独立思考,探寻真理。 理念论的提出: 柏拉图的理念论深刻影响了西方哲学的发展,至今仍是探讨实在论与唯心论等问题的重要思想资源。 对理想社会的永恒追寻: 尽管“哲人王”的构想在现实中难以实现,但《理想国》所展现的对一个公正、理性、美好的社会的理想追求,永远激励着人类不断反思和进步。 《理想国》是一本值得反复阅读的著作。每一次阅读,都会因为我们自身阅历和认知的不同,而获得新的启发和理解。它挑战我们思考最根本的问题,引导我们去构建一个更美好的个体生命和社会。这是一部永不过时的思想经典,一部引导我们走向智慧与光明的灯塔。