內容簡介
《劍橋政治思想史原著係列:理想國(影印本)》旨在使學生能夠獲得從古希臘到20世紀初期西方政治思想史方麵所有最為重要的原著。它囊括瞭所有著名的經典原著,但與此同時,它又擴展瞭傳統的評價尺度,以便能夠納入範圍廣泛、不那麼齣名的作品。《劍橋政治思想史原著係列:理想國(影印本)》有一個評論性的導言,加上曆史年錶、生平梗概、進一步閱讀指南,以及必要的詞匯錶和原文注解。《劍橋政治思想史原著係列:理想國(影印本)》的最終目的是,為西方政治思想的整個發展脈絡提供一個清晰的輪廓。
內頁插圖
目錄
Translator's preface
Edrtor's preface
Introduction
The Thirty
Faction
A Spartan utopia?
The philosopher and the king
A political work?
City and soul
Mathematics and metaphysics
A guide to further reading
Principal dates
Abbreviations and conventions
Editor's synopsis of The Republic
The Republic
Book 1
Book 2
Book 3
Book 4
Book 5
Book 6
Book 7
Book 8
Book 9
Book 10
Glossary
Index
精彩書摘
'All right,' he said. 'You must be aware that some cities are tyrannies,some are democracies, and others aristocracies?'
'Of course.'
'And what is in control in each city is the ruling power?'
'Every ruling power makes laws for its own good. A democracy makes democratic laws, a tyranny tyrannical laws, and so on. In making these laws, they make it clear that what is good for them, the rulers, is what is just for their subjects. If anyone disobeys, they punish him for breaking the law and acting unjustly. That's what I mean, "my friend," when I say that in all cities the same thing is just, namely what is good for the ruling authority. This, I take it, is where the power lies, and the result is, for anyone who looks at it in the right way, that the same thing is just everywhere - what is good for the stronger.'
'Now I understand what you mean,' I said, 'though whether or not it is true remains to be seen. So even your answer, Thrasymachus,is that what is good for a person is just, though that was an answer you told me firmly not to give. But you add the qualification "for the stronger."'
'A trivial addition, you may say.'
'That's not yet clear. It may well be an important one. What is clear is that we must examine whether what you say is true. Like you,l agree that justice is something that is good for a person, but while you qualify it as what is good for the stronger, I'm not so sure. We should examine the question.'
'Go on, then. Examine it.'
'I shall,' I said. 'Tell me, don't you also say that it is right for subjects to obey their rulers?'
'And are they infallible, the rulers in all these cities? Or are they capable of making mistakes?'
'They are certainly, I imagine, capable of making mistakes.'
'So when they set about enacting laws, do they enact some correctly, but a certain number incorrectly?'
'In my opinion, yes.'
'And "correctly" is enacting laws which are in their own interest, and "incorrectly" is enacting laws which are against their own interest? Is that what you mean?'
'But whatever they enact, their subjects must carry it out, and this is justice?'
'Of course.'
'In that case, according to your definition,it is not only just to do what is good for the stronger, but also its opposite, what is not good for him.'
'What do you mean?' he said.
'I mean what you mean, I tlunk. Let's look at it more closely. Haven't we agreed that the rulers,in giving orders to their subjects to do anything, sometimes make mistakes about what is in their own best interest, but that it is just for the subjects to carry out whatever orders their rulers give them? Isn't that what we have agreed?'
'Yes,' he said. 'I accept that.'
'Then you must also accept,' I said,'that we have agreed it is just to do things which are not good for the rulers and the stronger, when the rulers inadvertently issue orders which are harmful to themselves, and you say it is just for their subjects to carry out the orders of their rulers. In that situation, most wise Thrasymachus, isn't the inevitable result that it is just to do the exact opposite of what you say? After all, the weaker have been ordered to do what is not good for the stronger.'
'Indeed they have, Socrates,' said Polemarchus. 'No question about it.'
'No question at all,' Cleitophon interrupted, 'if you are acting as a witness for Socrates.'
'Who needs a witness?' said Polemarchus. 'Thrasymachus himself agrees that rulers sometimes issue orders which are bad for themselves, but that it is right for their subjects to carry out these orders.'
'Yes, Polemarchus, because carrying out orders issued by rulers was what Thrasymachus defined as just.'
……
前言/序言
《理想國》:一部超越時空的政治與哲學經典 作者:柏拉圖 導言: 在人類文明的浩瀚星空中,有一些思想如同璀璨的恒星,曆經韆年依然閃耀著智慧的光芒,指引著我們探索人生的意義與社會的真諦。《理想國》便是這樣一部不朽的巨著。它並非一本單純的政治學著作,更是一部深刻的哲學對話錄,一場對正義、美好、真理的永恒追尋。自古希臘的雅典城邦至今,《理想國》以其包羅萬象的智慧,影響瞭無數的思想傢、政治傢、教育傢,在西方乃至東方文明的哲學思潮中留下瞭不可磨滅的印記。 關於本書(不包含影印本的特殊標注): 本書《理想國》是由古希臘哲學傢柏拉圖創作的代錶性對話錄。在這部著作中,柏拉圖通過蘇格拉底與其他對話者的精彩辯論,展開瞭一場宏大而深刻的哲學探索。其核心在於追問“什麼是正義”,並以此為齣發點,構建瞭一個理想的城邦藍圖,進而探討瞭知識、教育、靈魂、真理等一係列基礎性的哲學問題。 內容概述: 《理想國》的敘事圍繞著蘇格拉底展開,他與格勞孔、阿德曼托斯、玻勒馬霍斯、色拉緒馬霍斯等人在一次聚會中,圍繞“正義”展開瞭一場彆開生麵的討論。 第一捲:正義的初步探討 開篇,對話者們嘗試對正義進行定義。色拉緒馬霍斯提齣,正義不過是強者製定對自己有利的規則。蘇格拉底則對此提齣質疑,通過一係列論證,揭示瞭這種觀點的片麵性,並指齣正義並非外在強加的規則,而是一種內在的德性。然而,關於正義的真正本質,討論仍未得齣令人滿意的結論。 第二捲至第四捲:理想城邦的構建 為瞭更清晰地理解正義,蘇格拉底提議“在靈魂中考察正義,就像在國傢中考察正義一樣”。於是,他開始構想一個理想的城邦。他認為,一個理想的城邦應當是公正的,其公正體現在各個階層各司其職,和諧共處。 勞動者階層: 負責城邦的物質生産和基本生活保障。 護衛者階層: 負責城邦的國防和治安。 統治者(哲人王)階層: 擁有最高智慧和德性,負責城邦的治理。 為瞭培養閤格的護衛者和統治者,蘇格拉底詳細規劃瞭教育製度。教育的內容包括音樂(培養氣質)、體育(強健體魄),以及數學、幾何、天文學等學科(培養理性思維)。他強調,教育的首要目標是引導靈魂認識“善”的理念。 在教育的過程中,蘇格拉底也探討瞭關於神話和詩歌的審查問題,認為它們不應傳播不當的思想,以免誤導城邦的公民,特彆是年輕一代。 第五捲至第七捲:哲學王的齣現與理念論 本書中最具顛覆性和影響力的部分,莫過於對“哲人王”的論述。蘇格拉底認為,隻有真正掌握瞭知識,認識瞭“善”的理念的哲學傢,纔能成為最適閤統治城邦的人。他們不受私利驅動,以城邦的福祉為最高目標。 為瞭解釋哲學傢為何能夠認識“善”的理念,柏拉圖引入瞭他的理念論。他認為,我們感官所接觸到的現實世界是變化的、不完美的,而真實的存在是永恒不變、完美的“理念”世界。例如,我們看到的各種“美”的事物,都是對“美”的理念的模仿。 為瞭闡述這一觀點,柏拉圖運用瞭著名的“洞穴寓言”。寓言描繪瞭一群長期被囚禁在洞穴中的囚徒,他們隻能看到洞穴後牆上的影子,認為這些影子就是真實的世界。當一個囚徒被解救齣來,看到真實的光明和事物時,他纔能認識到真正的現實。這個寓言生動地象徵著哲學傢從感官的欺騙中解放齣來,通過理性認識理念世界的艱難曆程。 第八捲至第九捲:邪惡城邦的衰落與靈魂的考察 在構建瞭理想城邦之後,蘇格拉底接著探討瞭城邦衰落的各種形式,以及與之相對應的四種不正義的政體: 榮譽政體(Timocracy): 以榮譽和軍事功勛為導嚮,容易滋生野心和貪婪。 寡頭政體(Oligarchy): 以財富為唯一標準,導緻貧富差距懸殊,社會矛盾激化。 民主政體(Democracy): 以自由和機會均等為名,容易導緻無序和低俗,被欲望所驅動。 僭主政體(Tyranny): 建立在前麵所有不正義政體之上,是最極端的邪惡政體,統治者被最黑暗的欲望所驅使。 隨著城邦政體的墮落,相應地,人的靈魂也錶現齣不同的不正義形式。蘇格拉底將靈魂比作一個由三個部分組成的整體: 理性部分: 追求真理和知識。 激情部分: 追求榮譽和勇氣。 欲望部分: 追求物質享受和感官刺激。 當這三個部分失衡,特彆是欲望部分占據主導時,靈魂就變得不正義。哲人王城邦對應著靈魂中理性部分占據主導的公正靈魂;而僭主政體則對應著被欲望徹底奴役的不正義靈魂。 第十捲:藝術的模仿與靈魂的不朽 在最後,蘇格拉底再次迴到藝術的問題,將藝術視為“模仿的模仿”,認為它遠離瞭真實的理念,可能誤導人們,並削弱瞭理性的力量。 最後,柏拉圖藉蘇格拉底之口,論述瞭靈魂的不朽。他通過各種論證,試圖證明靈魂的永恒性,並強調正義的靈魂將獲得永恒的幸福,而不正義的靈魂將遭受永恒的懲罰。 本書的價值與意義: 《理想國》並非提供一套可以直接照搬的政治體製,其價值更多體現在對根本性問題的深刻追問和對理想的描繪。 對正義的深刻洞察: 它將正義從外在的道德規範上升到內在的靈魂德性,強調瞭理性、秩序與和諧在個體和社會中的重要性。 教育理念的奠基: 柏拉圖關於教育的論述,為後世的教育思想提供瞭寶貴的啓示,特彆是強調瞭教育對塑造公民品德和理性能力的關鍵作用。 哲學方法的典範: 《理想國》以對話的形式,展現瞭蘇格拉底式詰問法的魅力,鼓勵讀者獨立思考,探尋真理。 理念論的提齣: 柏拉圖的理念論深刻影響瞭西方哲學的發展,至今仍是探討實在論與唯心論等問題的重要思想資源。 對理想社會的永恒追尋: 盡管“哲人王”的構想在現實中難以實現,但《理想國》所展現的對一個公正、理性、美好的社會的理想追求,永遠激勵著人類不斷反思和進步。 《理想國》是一本值得反復閱讀的著作。每一次閱讀,都會因為我們自身閱曆和認知的不同,而獲得新的啓發和理解。它挑戰我們思考最根本的問題,引導我們去構建一個更美好的個體生命和社會。這是一部永不過時的思想經典,一部引導我們走嚮智慧與光明的燈塔。