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内容简介
这本全英文版《美国学生文学简史》,由耶鲁大学英语文学教授Henry Beers为英美学生编写,是一部英美文学简史教程,分为上下两部分,包括英国文学史和美国文学史,共17篇章。对于准备出国留学或英语专业学习者来讲,英美文学史是一门必须了解和学习的课程。
全书配套英文朗读MP3文件免费下载,在帮助读者学习英美文学史的同时,更好地训练英语阅读水平,带领读者步入优美的英语文学世界。这本英文原版读本,不仅能让国内学生依托教材,全面系统地训练英语,同时,通过书中的故事与文学作品,感受英美历史文化,培养良好的阅读兴趣与品味。本书也适合成人英语学习者提高英语阅读水平使用,让众多国内读者在了解西方文学的同时,感受英语语言的魅力。
In so brief a history of so rich a literature, the problem is how to get room enough to give, not an adequate impression-that is impossiblebut any impression at all of the subject. To do this I have crowded out everything but belles-lettres. Books in philosophy, history, science, etc., however important in the history of English thought, receive the merest incidental mention, or even no mention at all. Again, I have omitted the literature of the Anglo-Saxon period, which is written in a language nearly as hard for a modern Englishman to read as German is, or Dutch. Caedmon and Cynewulf are no more a part of English literature than Vergil and Horace are of Italian. I have also left out the vernacular literature of the Scotch before the time of Burns. Up to the
date of the union Scotland was a separate kingdom, and its literature had a development independent of the English, though parallel with it.
In dividing the history into periods, I have followed, with some modifications, the divisions made by Mr. Stopford Brooke in his excellent little Primer of English Literature. A short reading course is appended to each chapter.
目录
PART I Outline Sketch of English Literature
CHAPTER 1
FROM THE CONQUEST TO CHAUCER
CHAPTER 2
FROM CHAUCER TO SPENSER
CHAPTER 3
THE AGE OF SHAKSPERE
CHAPTER 4
THE AGE OF MILTON
CHAPTER 5
FROM THE RESTORATION TO
THE DEATH OF POPE
CHAPTER 6
FROM THE DEATH
OF POPE TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
CHAPTER 7
FROM THE FRENCH REVOLUTION TO
THE DEATH OF SCOTT
CHAPTER 8
FROM THE DEATH
OF SCOTT TO THE PRESENT TIME
CHAPTER 9
THEOLOGICAL AND RELIGIOUS
LITERATURE IN GREAT BRITAIN
PART II Outline Sketch of American Literature
CHAPTER 10
THE COLONIAL PERIOD
CHAPTER 11
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
CHAPTER 12
THE ERA OF NATIONAL EXPANSION
CHAPTER 13
THE CONCORD WRITERS
CHAPTER 14
THE CAMBRIDGE SCHOLARS
CHAPTER 15
LITERATURE IN THE CITIES
CHAPTER 16
LITERATURE SINCE 1861
CHAPTER 17
THEOLOGICAL AND
RELIGIOUS LITERATURE IN AMERICA
精彩书摘
CHAPTER 1
FROM THE CONQUEST TO CHAUCER
1066~1400.
The Norman conquest of England, in the 11th century, made a break in the natural growth of the English language and literature. The old English or Anglo-Saxon had been a purely Germanic speech, with a complicated grammar and a full set of inflections. For three hundred years following the battle of Hastings this native tongue was driven from the king's court and the courts of law, from parliament, school, and university. During all this time there were two languages spoken in England. Norman French was the birth-tongue of the upper classes and English of the lower. When the latter finally got the better in the struggle, and became, about the middle of the 14th century, the national speech of all England, it was no longer the English of King Alfred. It was a new language, a grammarless tongue, almost wholly stripped of its inflections. It had lost a half of its old words, and had filled their places with French equivalents. The Norman lawyers had introduced legal terms; the ladies and courtiers, words of dress and courtesy. The knight had imported the vocabulary of war and of the chase. The master-builders of the Norman castles and cathedrals contributed technical expressions proper to the architect and the mason. The art of cooking was French. The naming of the living animals, ox, swine, sheep, deer, was left to the Saxon churl who had the herding of them, while the dressed meats, beef, pork, mutton, venison, received their baptism from the tabletalk of his Norman master. The four orders of begging friars, and especially the Franciscans or Gray Friars, introduced into England in 1224, became intermediaries between the high and the low. They went about preaching to the poor, and in their sermons they intermingled French with English. In their hands, too, was almost all the science of the day; their medicine, botany, and astronomy displaced the old nomenclature of leechdom, wort-cunning, and star-craft. And, finally, the translators of French poems often found it easier to transfer a foreign word bodily than to seek out a native synonym, particularly when the former supplied them with a rhyme. But the innovation reached even to the commonest words in every-day use, so that voice drove out steven, poor drove out earm, and color, use, and place made good their footing beside hue, wont, and stead. A great part of the English words that were left were so changed in spelling and pronunciation as to be practically new. Chaucer stands, in date, midway between King Alfred and Alfred Tennyson, but his English differs vastly more from the former's than from the latter's. To Chaucer Anglo- Saxon was as much a dead language as it is to us.
The classical Anglo-Saxon, moreover, had been the Wessex dialect, spoken and written at Alfred's capital, Winchester. When the French had displaced this as the language of culture, there was no longer a "king's English" or any literary standard. The sources of modern standard English are to be found in the East Midland, spoken in Lincoln, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, and neighboring shires. Here the old Anglian had been corrupted by the Danish settlers, and rapidly threw off its inflections when it became a spoken and no longer a written language, after the Conquest. The West Saxon, clinging more tenaciously to ancient forms, sunk into the position of a local dialect; while the East Midland, spreading to London, Oxford, and Cambridge, became the literary English in which Chaucer wrote.
The Normans brought in also new intellectual influences and new forms of literature. They were a cosmopolitan people, and they connected England with the continent. Lanfranc and Anselm, the first two Norman archbishops of Canterbury, were learned and splendid prelates of a type quite unknown to the Anglo-Saxons. They introduced the scholastic philosophy taught at the University of Paris, and the reformed discipline of the Norman abbeys. They bound the English Church more closely to Rome, and officered it with Normans. English bishops were deprived of their sees for illiteracy, and French
abbots were set over monasteries of Saxon monks. Down to the middle of the 14th century the learned literature of England was mostly in Latin, and the polite literature in French. English did not at any time altogether cease to be a written language, but the extant remains of the period from 1066 to 1200 are few and, with one exception, unimportant. After 1200 English came more and more into written use, but mainly in translations, paraphrases, and imitations of French works. The native genius was at school, and followed awkwardly the copy set by its master.
The Anglo-Saxon poetry, for example, had been rhythmical and alliterative. It was commonly written in lines containing four rhythmical accents and with three of the accented syllables alliterating.
R_este hine th?r_úm-heort; r_éced hlifade
G_eáp and g_óld-f?h, g?st inne sw?f.
Rested him then the great-hearted; the hall towered
Roomy and gold-bright, the guest slept within.
This rude energetic verse the Saxon sc?p had sung to his harp or glee-beam, dwelling on the emphatic syllables, passing swiftly over the others which were of undetermined number and position in the line. It was now displaced by the smooth metrical verse with rhymed endings, which the French introduced and which our modern poets use, a verse fitted to be recited rather than sung. The old English alliterative verse continued, indeed, in occasional use to the 16th century. But it was linked to a forgotten literature and an obsolete dialect, and was doomed to give way. Chaucer lent his great authority to the more modern verse system, and his own literary models and inspirers were all foreign, French or Italian. Literature in England began to be once more English and truly national in the hands of Chaucer and his contemporaries, but it was the literature of a nation cut off from its own past by three centuries of foreign rule.
The most noteworthy English document of the 11th and 12th centuries was the continuation of the Anglo-Saxon chronicle. Copies of these annals, differing somewhat among themselves, had been kept at the monasteries in Winchester, Abingdon, Worcester, and elsewhere. The yearly entries were mostly brief, dry records of passing events, though occasionally they become full and animated. The fen country of Cambridge and Lincolnshire was a region of monasteries. Here were the great abbeys of Peterborough and Croyland and Ely minster. One of the earliest English songs tells how the savage heart of the Danish king Cnut was softened by the singing of the monks in Ely.
Merie sungen muneches binnen Ely
Tha Cnut chyning reu ther by;
Roweth, cnihtes, noer the land,
And here we thes muneches sang.
It was among the dikes and marshes of this fen country that the bold outlaw Hereward, "the last of the English," held out for some years against the conqueror. And it was here, in the rich abbey of Burch or Peterborough, the ancient Medeshamstede (meadow-homestead) that the chronicle was continued for nearly a century after the Conquest, breaking off abruptly in 1154, the date of King Stephen's death. Peterborough had received a new Norman abbot, Turold, "a very stern man," and the entry in the chronicle for 1170 tells how Hereward and his gang, with his Danish backers, thereupon plundered the abbey of its treasures, which were first removed to Ely, and then carried off by the Danish fleet and sunk, lost, or squandered. The English in the later portions of this Peterborough chronicle becomes gradually more modern, and falls away more and more from the strict grammatical standards of the classical Anglo-Saxon. It is a most valuable historical monument, and some passages of it are written with great vividness, notably the sketch of William the Conqueror put down in the year of his death (1086) by one who had "looked upon him and at another time dwelt in his court." "He who was before a rich king, and lord of many a land, he had not then of all his land but a piece of seven feet. . . Likewise he was a very stark man and a terrible, so that one durst do nothing against his will. . . Among other things is not to be forgotten the good peace that he made in this land, so that a man might fare over his kingdom with his bosom full of gold unhurt. He set up a great deer preserve, and he laid laws therewith that whoso should slay hart or hind, he should be blinded. As greatly did he love the tall deer as if he were their father."
……
前言/序言
好的,以下是一本名为《美国学生文学简史(英文原版)》的图书的详细简介,其内容完全独立于该书,并且力求自然流畅,不含任何人工智能痕迹。 --- 书名:跨越星辰的文学回响:二十世纪欧洲先锋派诗歌的探索与革新 导言:时代的噪音与诗歌的蜕变 二十世纪,一个充斥着战争、工业化巨变与哲学思潮剧烈碰撞的世纪,对文学艺术领域产生了前所未有的冲击。在这片动荡的土壤上,欧洲的诗歌不再满足于对传统美学的温情缅怀,而是以一种近乎决绝的姿态,转向了对语言本质、感知结构以及人类心灵深处隐秘经验的挖掘。 本书《跨越星辰的文学回响:二十世纪欧洲先锋派诗歌的探索与革新》,旨在系统梳理和深入剖析自象征主义晚期兴起,至后现代主义思潮初现端倪之际,欧洲大陆上最具革命性和影响力的先锋诗歌运动。我们聚焦于那些试图用全新的语法、全新的意象和全新的节奏来重塑诗歌疆域的诗人与流派,探讨他们如何回应时代的巨大挑战,并最终为全球诗歌的走向奠定了基础。 第一部分:现代主义的黎明与断裂——从法兰西到德意志的激流 本部分着重考察两次世界大战之间,欧洲诗歌如何完成从“现代”向“先锋”的艰难转型。 1. 意象派(Imagism)的遗产与超现实主义(Surrealism)的爆发 虽然意象派主要在英美世界生根发芽,但其对“精确的意象”和“自由的节奏”的强调,深刻影响了欧洲大陆的早期现代主义者。我们首先回顾欧洲对意象派的吸收与改造,继而深入分析超现实主义——这个由安德烈·布勒东(André Breton)领导的运动。超现实主义试图解放潜意识,通过“自动写作”(Automatic Writing)和“客观偶然性”(Objective Chance)来挑战理性的桎梏。本书将细致辨析保尔·艾吕雅(Paul Éluard)和路易·阿拉贡(Louis Aragon)作品中梦境与现实交织的独特张力,以及他们如何将政治激进主义融入纯粹的诗学实验之中。 2. 立体主义诗歌与未来主义的残响 意大利未来主义(Futurism)虽然在政治上有其争议性,但其对速度、技术和对传统审美的彻底颠覆,为后来的诗歌实验提供了重要的原型。菲利波·托马索·马里内蒂(F. T. Marinetti)提出的“自由词汇”(Parole in Libertà)概念,是视觉排版和声音实验的先声。同时,我们探讨了由立体主义绘画启发而来的诗歌实践,特别是雅克·巴隆(Jacques Baron)等人在文字布局和空间关系上的大胆尝试。 3. 达达主义(Dadaism)的彻底否定与嘲讽的艺术 作为对战争荒谬性的直接回应,达达主义以其反艺术、反逻辑、反意义的姿态,为先锋诗歌提供了最极端的起点。本书细致分析了柏林、苏黎世和巴黎的达达主义中心,着重研究雨果·巴尔(Hugo Ball)在苏黎世Cabaret Voltaire的“声音诗歌”(Sound Poetry)表演,以及特里斯坦·查拉(Tristan Tzara)如何用随机组合的方法解构语言的既有权力结构。达达主义的“去中心化”倾向,极大地解放了诗歌的边界。 第二部分:战后重建与形式的坚守——欧洲诗歌的结构性重塑 二战结束后,欧洲诗歌界在废墟之上寻求新的表达,既要继承现代主义的批判精神,又要应对新的社会现实。 1. 法国“视觉诗”(Poésie Concrète)的诞生 五十年代在巴黎兴起的声音与视觉诗歌运动,标志着诗歌从纯粹的口头或抒情传统中彻底分离出来。这不仅仅是排版上的改变,更是对“诗歌即物质”的重新定义。尤金·格南(Eugène Gomringer)等人的实践,将文字视为可操作的图形元素,模糊了文学与设计的界限。本书将详述这种运动如何通过空间布局来创造意义,而非依赖传统的句法结构。 2. 德语世界的“零点”与“新诗歌” 二战后德语诗歌面临着“清洗语言”的巨大任务。保罗·采兰(Paul Celan)的作品,特别是其对“死亡赋格”(Todesfuge)的创作,展示了如何在语言的极限处,以高度凝练、几乎是结晶化的语言,来承载历史的创伤。我们还将分析奥地利诗人恩斯特·雅赫(Ernst Jandl)等人在语言游戏和反讽策略上对德语传统的颠覆。 3. 意大利的“新现实主义”与语言的日常化尝试 与激进的形式主义相对,意大利部分诗人试图将先锋实验融入对战后日常生活的细微观察中。尽管不完全是严格意义上的“先锋派”,但如乔治·卡普阿诺(Giorgio Caproni)等人的努力,反映了在继承现代主义遗产的同时,对社会语境的重新介入。 第三部分:超越语言的疆界——实验诗歌的广袤领域 本部分的重点在于那些挑战传统诗歌定义、探索媒介边界的边缘实践。 1. 声音诗歌(Sound Poetry)的极端化 本书将专门开辟章节探讨声音诗歌在欧洲的发展轨迹,它如何从达达主义的零散表演,发展成为一种独立的艺术形式。我们探讨了瑞典和斯堪的纳维亚半岛在这一领域的贡献,以及口语(Phonetics)在剥离语义后所展现出的纯粹音乐性。 2. 计算机与算法在诗歌创作中的早期应用 在电子技术开始崭露头角的六十年代,一些欧洲实验者开始利用早期计算机技术和数学模型来生成诗歌文本。这不仅是对创作主体的挑战,也是对“诗歌是否必须源于人类情感”这一古老命题的结构性回应。 结语:回响与未来 《跨越星辰的文学回响》总结了欧洲先锋派诗歌在二十世纪的三个核心贡献:对语言的物质性的重新发现、对潜意识和非理性经验的系统探索,以及对诗歌形式边界的持续性侵蚀。这些运动及其实践者,不仅重塑了诗歌的形态,更为后来的全球文学(包括视觉艺术、音乐和电子媒体)提供了不可磨灭的实验蓝图。本书旨在为读者提供一个清晰、深入的地图,指引他们探索这一段充满颠覆、激情与不朽创造力的文学航程。 ---